10. Phonological Rules for English Allophones (a selection)



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10. Phonological Rules for English Allophones (a selection) :





The phonological rule

Examples:

1. Nasalization of vowels

[+vowel]  [+nasal] before [+nasal]

and, man, ram, camp, sang, tank

2. Fronting of velars

[+velar]  more front before front vowels

geese, get, keg

3. Dentalisation of alveolars

[+alveoral]  [+dental] before [+dental]

tenth [ten̪θ], in theory [ɪn̪θɪǝrɪ], one thing [wʌn̪θɪŋ]

4. Unreleased oral stops

[+stops]  unreleased in the word final position or before other oral stops


cap, hat, black, cab, good

captain, hatpin, blackboard, obtain, good dog



5. Aspiration of stops


[–voiced]  [+aspirated] when syllable initial

[+stop]


pit [phit], tie [thaɪ], come [khʌm];


6. Lack of aspiration after /s/

[–voiced]  [– aspirated] after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable

[+stop]


spit [spɪt], sty [staɪ], scum [skʌm]);


7. Devoicing of approimants

[+approximant]  [-voiced] after [+aspirated, +stop]]

pray [pr̊eɪ], play [pl̊eɪ], crew kr̊u:], clue [kl̊u:], try [tr̊aɪ], twig [tẘɪg], tune [tj̊u:n])


8. Glottal stop suport

[–voiced]  [+glottal stop] + [–voiced] when after a vowel and

[+stop] [+stop] at the end of a syllable




cup [kʰʌʔp], heap [hi:ʔp], bit [bɪʔt], beat [bi:ʔt], buck [bʌʔk], oak [ǝʊʔk], felt [feɫʔt])


9. /t/  glottal stop

[–voiced]

[+alveolar]  [+glottal stop]

[+stop]


pit [pɪʔ], belt [beɫʔ], atlas [æʔlǝs], lightning [laɪʔnɪŋ], pity [pɪʔɪ], bottom [bɒʔǝm]


10. /t/  tap

[–voiced] [+voiced] when it is the single consonant between

[+alveolar]  [+tap] two vowels, the second of which is

[+stop] unstressed


later [leɪɾr], writing [raɪɾɪŋ], waiter [weɪɾr], divinity [dɪvɪnɪɾɪ], startle [sta:rɾɫ]


11. /d/  tap

[+voiced] [+voiced] when it is the single consonant between

[+alveolar]  [+tap] two vowels, the second of which is

[+stop] unstressed


ladder [leɪɾr], riding [raɪɾɪŋ], wader [weɪɾr]


12. Devoicing of consonants

[+voiced]  partially voiced when syllable initial except

[+obstruent] when preceded by a voiced sound



buy, die, guy, zoo, veal, they

13. Devoicing of consonants

[+voiced]  partially voiced when syllable final except

[+obstruent] when preceded by a voiced sound



rib, rid, rig, rise, drive, writhe

14. Shortening of vowels

[+vowel]  shorter before voiceless sounds in the same syllable

cap, back

15. Syllabicity of nasals

[+nasal]  [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately

after [+obstruent]



leaden [ledn̦], chasm [kæsm̦]

16. Syllabicity of laterals

[+lateral]  [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately

after another consonant



kiln [kɪln], film [fɪlm], bottle [bɒtl]


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