A- (3) prefix meaning "not," from Gk a-, an- "not," from pie base *ne "not" (see un-)

untold --- O.E. unteald, "not counted or reckoned," from un- (1) "not" + pp. of tell in its original numerical sense. Cf. M.Du. ongetellet, Ger. ungezahlt, O.N. utaliðr. Meaning "not related or recounted" is recorded from c.1386.

untouchable --- 1567, "immaterial," from un- (1) "not" + touchable (see touch). Meaning "that legally cannot be interfered with" is recorded from 1734. Meaning "too loathsome or defiling to be touched" is recorded from 1873. The noun, in ref. to a hereditary low caste of India, is attested from 1909; the term and the restrictions were made illegal in India in 1947. Untouched is attested from 1382.

untoward --- 1526, "not having inclination" (to or for something), also "difficult to manage, unruly," from un- (1) "not" + toward.

untried --- 1520, "not proven or tested," from un- (1) "not" + pp. of try.

untrodden --- c.1300, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of tread.

untroubled --- 1484, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of trouble (v.).

untrue --- O.E. untreowe "unfaithful" (of persons), from un- (1) "not" + true. Cf. M.Du. ongetrouwe, M.L.G. ungetruwe, O.H.G. ungitriuwi, O.N. utryggr. Meaning "contrary to facts" is attested from c.1300.

untrustworthy --- 1846, from un- (1) "not" + trustworthy (see trust).

untruth --- O.E. untreowþ "unfaithfulness," from un- (1) "not" + truth. Cf. O.N. utrygð. Meaning "falsehood" is attested from 1439; that of "a lie" is from c.1449.

unused --- 1297, "unaccustomed," from un- (1) "not" + pp. of use (v.). Meaning "not employed" is recorded from 1398.

unusual --- 1582, from un- (1) "not" + usual.

unvarnished --- 1604, of statements, "not embellished," from un- (1) "not" + pp. of varnish (v.). Lit. sense of "not covered in varnish" is recorded from 1758.

unveil --- 1599, in ref. to sight, "to make clear," from un- (2) + veil (v.). Sense of "to display or reveal" (something) is from 1657.

unwanted --- 1697, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of want (v.).

unwarranted --- 1577, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of warrant (v.).

unwashed --- c.1390, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of wash (v.). Noun sense of "the lower class" is attested from 1830.

unwearied --- O.E. ungewerigod, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of weary.

unwed --- 1513, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of wed.

unwelcome --- c.1325, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of welcome. Cf. M.Du. onwillecome, Ger. unwillkommen.

unwell --- c.1450, "somewhat ill," from un- (1) "not" + well (adj.). Cf. N.Fris. unwel, Ger. unwohl.

unwholesome --- c.1200, from un- (1) "not" + wholesome. Cf. Flem. onheylsaem, Ger. unheilsam, O.N. uheilsamr.

unwieldy --- c.1386, "lacking strength," from un- (1) "not" + O.E. wielde "active, vigorous," from P.Gmc. *walth- "have power" (see wield). Meaning "moving ungracefully" is recorded from 1530; in ref. to weapons, "difficult to handle, awkward by virtue of size or shape" it is attested from 1547.

unwilling --- O.E. unwillende, from un- (1) "not" + willing. Re-formed 16c.

unwind --- c.1325, "to undo" (a bandage, wrapping, etc.), from un- (2) + wrap (v.). Cf. O.E. unwindan, Du. ontwinden, O.H.G. intwindan. Refl. sense is recorded from 1740; fig. sense of "to release oneself from tensions, to relax" is recorded from 1938.

unwise --- O.E. unwis, from un- (1) "not" + wise. Cf. M.Du. onwijs, O.H.G. unwis, Ger. unweise, O.N. uviss, Goth. unweis. Unwisely is O.E. unwislice.

unwitting --- O.E. unwitende, from un- (1) "not" + witting (see wit). Cf. O.H.G. unwizzanti, Ger. unwissend, O.N. uvitandi, Goth. unwitands. Rare after c.1600; revived c.1800.

unwonted --- not usual, 1553, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of wont.

unworthy --- c.1240, unwurði, from un- (1) "not" + worthy. Cf. M.Du. onwerdich, Du. onwaardig, M.L.G. unwerdich, O.H.G. unwirdig, O.N. uverðugr.

unwrap --- c.1374, from un- (2) + wrap.

unwritten --- 1362, from un- (1) "not" + pp. of write. Cf. O.E. unwriten, O.N. uritinn.

unyielding --- 1592, in ref. to persons; 1658, of substances; from un- (1) "not" + yielding (see yield).

unzip --- 1939, from un- (2) + zip.

up- --- prefix with various senses, from O.E. up (see up), corresponding to similar prefixes in other Gmc. languages.

up (adv.) --- O.E. up, uppe, from P.Gmc. *upp- "up" (cf. O.Fris. up; O.N. upp; Dan., Du. op; O.H.G. uf, Ger. auf "up"; Goth. iup "up, upward," uf "on, upon, under;" OHG oba, Ger. ob "over, above, on, upon"), from PIE base *upo "up from below" (cf. Skt. upa "near, under, up to, on," Gk. hypo "under, below," L. sub "under;" see sub-). Meaning "exhilarated, happy" first attested 1815. Musical up tempo (adj.) is recorded from 1948. Up-and-coming "promising" is from 1848. Phrase on the up-(and-up) "honest, straightforward" first attested 1863, Amer.Eng. Up the river "in jail" first recorded 1891, originally in reference to Sing Sing, which is up the Hudson from New York City. To drive someone up the wall (1951) is from the notion of the behavior of lunatics or caged animals.

up (v.) --- earliest recorded sense is "to drive and catch (swans)," 1560, from up (adv.). Meaning "to get up, rise to one's feet" (as in up and leave) is recorded from 1643. Sense of "to move upward" is recorded from 1737. Meaning "increase" (as in up the price of oil) is attested from 1915. Cf. O.E. verb uppian "to rise." Upping block is attested from 1796.

Upanishad --- class of treatises in Skt. literature, 1805, from Skt. upa-nishad, lit. "a sitting down beside," from upa "near to" (see up) + ni-shad "to sit or lie down."

upas --- legendary poisonous tree of Java, 1783, from Malay upas "poison," in pohun upas "poison tree." The story appears to have originated in Du. in 1770s.

upbeat (adj.) --- with a positive mood, 1947, apparently from the musical noun upbeat (1869), referring to the beat of a bar at which the conductor's baton is in a raised position; the "optimistic" sense apparently for no other reason than that it sounds like a happy word (the musical upbeat is no more inherently "positive" than any other beat).

upbraid --- O.E. upbregdan "bring forth as a ground for censure," from up "up" + bregdan "move quickly, intertwine" (see braid). Cf. M.Swed. upbrygdha. Meaning "scold" is first attested c.1290.

upbringing --- 1520, "act of rearing a young person," from up + bringing (see bring). Mainly in Scottish till c.1870, when it became general.

upchuck --- to vomit, by 1960, Amer.Eng. slang, from up + chuck (v.) "to throw."

upcoming --- c.1300, "action of coming up," from up + coming (see come). Adj. sense of "forthcoming" first attested 1954.

update (v.) --- 1948, in ref. to information, 1952 in ref. to persons, from up + date (v.). The noun is attested from 1967.

updraft --- rising air current, 1909, from up + draft (n.).

upend (v.) --- 1823, from up + end.

upgrade (n.) --- 1873, "upward slope," from up + grade. The meaning "upgraded version" is recorded from 1980; the verb in this sense is attested from 1920 (implied in upgrading).

upheaval --- 1838, in geology, from M.E. verb upheave (c.1300), from up + heave (v.). Cf. O.Fris. upheva, O.H.G. ufhevan, Ger. aufheben. Fig. sense, with ref. to convulsions of society, etc., recorded from 1850.

uphill (adj.) --- 1613, from up + hill.

uphold --- c.1225, "support, sustain," from up + hold (v.). Cf. O.Fris. upholda, M.Du. ophouden, Ger. aufhalten.

upholster (v.) --- 1853, back-formation from upholsterer "tradesman who finishes or repairs articles of furniture" (1613), from upholdester (1411), formed with a dim. (originally fem.) suffix, from obsolete M.E. noun upholder "dealer in small goods" (1333), from upholden "to repair, uphold, keep from falling or sinking" (in this case, by stuffing); see uphold. Upholstery is attested from 1649.

uplift (v.) --- 1338, from up + lift (v.).

upon --- 1121, from up + on, probably influenced by O.N. upp a. Distinct from O.E. uppan which merely meant "up."

upper (adj.) --- c.1300, originally comparative of up. Cf. M.Du. upper, Du. opper, Low Ger. upper, Norw. yppare. Noun meaning "part of a shoe above the sole" is recorded from 1789; sense of "stimulant drug" is from 1968. Upper crust is attested from 1460 in ref. to the top crust of a loaf of bread, 1836 in ref. to society. The pugilistic uppercut is first recorded 1842. Upper hand "advantage" is 1481, probably from wrestling. Upperclassman is recorded from 1871. Upper middle class (adj.) is first recorded 1872.

uppermost --- 1481, from upper + most.

uppity --- 1880, from up; originally used by blacks of other blacks felt to be too self-assertive (first recorded use is in "Uncle Remus"). The parallel British variant uppish (1678) originally meant "lavish;" the sense of "conceited, arrogant" being first recorded 1734.

upright --- O.E. upriht, from up "up" + riht "right." Similar compounds are found in other Gmc. languages (cf. O.Fris. upriucht, M.Du. oprecht, O.H.G. ufreht, Ger. aufrecht, O.N. uprettr). Fig. sense of "good, honest" is first attested 1530. The noun in the sense of "something standing erect" is from 1742.

uprising --- c.1250, "action of rising from death or the grave, resurrection," from up + rising (see rise). Meaning "action of rising from bed" is recorded from c.1300; sense of "insurrection, popular revolt" first attested 1587.

up-river --- 1774, from up + river.

uproar --- 1526, used by Tindale and later Coverdale as a loan-translation of Ger. Aufruhr or Du. oproer "tumult, riot," lit. "a stirring up," in Ger. and Du. Bibles (cf. Acts xxi:38), "outbreak of disorder, revolt, commotion," from Ger. auf (M.Du. op) "up" + ruhr (M.Du. roer) "a stirring, motion," related to O.E. hreran "to move, stir, shake." Meaning "noisy shouting" is first recorded 1544, probably by mistaken association with unrelated roar. First record of uproarious is from 1819.

uproot --- 1593 (implied in uprooted), in the fig. sense, from up + root. The literal sense is first recorded 1695.

upscale (adj.) --- 1966, "at the higher end of a scale, superior," from up + noun derivative of scale (v.).

upset (v.) --- c.1440, "to set up, fix," from up + set (v.). Cf. M.Du. opsetten, Ger. aufsetzen. Modern sense of "overturn, capsize" (1803) is that of obsolete overset. Meaning "to throw into mental discomposure" is from 1805. The noun sense of "overturning of a vehicle or boat" is recorded from 1804.

upshot --- 1531, from up + shot (n.); originally, the final shot in an archery match, hence the fig. sense of "result, issue, conclusion" (1604).

upside --- 1611, "upper side or surface," from up + side. Phrase upside (someone's) head in ref. to a blow to the head is recorded from 1970, U.S. black slang.

upside down --- c.1490, earlier upsadoun (1382), up so down (c.1300); the so perhaps meaning "as if."

upsilon --- 20th letter of the Gk. alphabet, 1642, from Gk. u psilon, lit. "a mere (or bare) 'u;' " so called in contradistinction to the diphthongs -oi-, -ei-, which are pronounced exactly like upsilon.

upstage --- 1918 (adj.), 1921 (v.); the notion is of drawing attention to oneself (and away from a fellow actor) by moving upstage -- to the rear of the stage -- so that the other actor must face away from the audience. The noun upstage "back of the stage" is recorded from 1870.

upstairs --- 1596 (adj.), from up + stairs (see stair). The noun is first attested 1872. Meaning "characteristic of upstairs life" (in private rooms of a household, as opposed to servants' quarters) is recorded from 1942.

upstanding --- O.E., in the literal sense, from up + standing (see stand (v.)). Fig. sense of "honest" is attested from 1863.

upstart (n.) --- 1555, "one newly risen in importance or rank, a parvenu," also start-up, from up + start (v.) in the sense of "jump, spring, rise." Cf. the archaic verb upstart "to spring to one's feet," attested from 1303.

upstream --- 1681, from up- + stream. In common use from c.1890.

upsurge --- 1928, from up- + surge.

upswing --- 1922, in golf, from up- + swing. Sense in economics is attested from 1934.

upsy-daisy --- 1711, up-a-daisy, baby talk extension of up.

uptake --- capacity for understanding, 1816, from up + take. Cf. obs. verb uptake "to pick or take up," attested from c.1300.

uptick --- upward trend, 1970, an economist's term, from up- + tick (v.).

uptight --- Slang sense of "tense" is from 1934; that of "straight-laced" first recorded 1969. It was used in a sense of "excellent" in jazz slang c.1962.

up-to-date (adj.) --- 1868, "right to the present time," from phrase up to date. Meaning "having the latest facts" is recorded from 1889; that of "having current styles and tastes" is from 1891.

uptown --- 1802, "the higher or upper portion of a town," from up + town. As this usually was the residential portion of a town (especially a port) the word had overtones of that. Specific meaning "more prosperous area of town" is recorded from 1946.

upward --- O.E. upweard, upweardes from up (see up) + -weard (see -ward). Cf. M.L.G. upwart, M.Du. opwaert, M.H.G. ufwart. Phrase upward mobility first recorded 1949; mainly restricted to sociologists' jargon until 1960s.

upwind --- 1838, from up- + wind. Originally a nautical term.

ur- --- prefix meaning "original, earliest, primitive," from Ger. "original, primitive;" at first only in words borrowed from Ger. (cf. ursprache "hypothetical primitive language," attested in Eng. from 1908), now a living prefix in Eng. Cf. also Urschleim under protoplasm and Urquell under Pilsner.

uranium --- rare metallic element, 1797, named 1789 in Mod.L. by its discoverer, Ger. chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743-1817), for the recently found planet Uranus (q.v.).

Uranus --- first planet discovered that was not known in ancient times, named for the god of Heaven, husband of Gaia, the Earth, from L. Uranus, from Gk. Ouranos lit. "heaven," in Gk. cosmology, the god who personifies the heavens, father of the titans. Cf. Urania, name of the Muse of astronomy, from Gk. Ourania, fem. of ouranios, lit. "heavenly." Planet discovered and identified as such in 1781 by Sir William Herschel (it had been observed before, but mistaken for a star, cf. 1690 when John Flamsteed cataloged it as 34 Tauri); Herschel proposed calling it Georgium Sidus, lit. "George's Star," in honour of his patron, King George III of England.

urban --- characteristic of city life, 1619 (but rare before 1830s), from L. urbanus "of or pertaining to a city or city life," as a noun, "city dweller," from urbs (gen. urbis) "city," of unknown origin. The word gradually emerged in this sense as urbane became restricted to manners and styles of expression. Urban renewal, euphemistic for "slum clearance," is recorded from 1955.

urbane --- 1533, "of or relating to cities or towns," from M.Fr. urbain (14c.), from L. urbanus "belonging to a city," also "citified, elegant" (see urban). The meaning "having the manners of townspeople, courteous, refined" is first attested 1623. Urbanity in this sense is recorded from 1535. For sense connection, cf. human/humane.

urchin --- c.1290 yrichon "hedgehog," from O.N.Fr. *irechon (cf. Picard irechon, Walloon ireson, Hainaut hirchon), from O.Fr. herichun "hedgehog" (Fr. hérisson), formed with dim. suffix -on from V.L. *hericionem, from L. ericius "hedgehog," from PIE base *gher- "to bristle" (cf. Gk. kheros "hedgehog;" see horror). Still used for "hedgehog" in non-standard speech in Cumbria, Yorkshire, Shropshire. Applied throughout 16c. to people whose appearance or behavior suggested hedgehogs, from hunchbacks (1528) to goblins (1584) to bad girls (c.1530); meaning "poorly or raggedly clothed youngster" emerged 1556, but was not in frequent use until after c.1780. Sea urchin is recorded from 1591 (a 19c. Newfoundland name for them was whore's eggs).

Urdu --- official language of Pakistan, 1796, from Hindustani urdu "camp," from Turk. ordu (source of horde); short for zaban-i-urdu "language of the camp." Compare Dzongkha, a variant of Tibetan and the official language of Bhutan, lit. "the language of the fortress."

urethra --- canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder, 1634, from L.L. urethra, from Gk. ourethra "the passage for urine," coined by Hippocrates from ourein "to urinate," from ouron (see urine).

urge (v.) --- 1560, from L. urgere "to press hard, push, drive, compel," from PIE base *werg- "to work" (cf. Avestan vareza "work, activity;" Gk. ergon "work," orgia "religious performances," organon "tool;" Armenian gorc "work;" Lith. verziu "tie, fasten, squeeze," vargas "need, distress;" O.C.S. vragu "enemy;" Goth. waurkjan, O.E. wyrcan "work;" Goth. wrikan "persecute," O.E. wrecan "drive, hunt, pursue;" O.N. yrka "work, take effect"). The noun is first attested 1618, from the verb; in frequent use after c.1910.

urgent --- 1456, from M.Fr. urgent "pressing, impelling" (14c.), from L. urgentem (nom. urgens), prp. of urgere "to press hard, urge" (see urge). Urgency is from 1540.

Uriah --- masc. proper name, in O.T., the Hittite husband of Bathsheba; of non-Hebrew (possibly Horite) origin, but explained by folk etymology as Heb. Uriyyah, lit. "flame of the Lord." Uriah Heep, character from Dickens' "David Copperfield" (1850) sometimes is invoked as the type of a hypocritically humble person.

urinal --- c.1275, "glass vial to receive urine for medical inspection," from O.Fr. urinal, from L.L. urinal, from L. urinalis (adj.) "relating to urine," from urina (see urine). Meaning "chamber pot" is from c.1475. Modern sense of "fixture for urinating (for men)" is attested from 1851.

urine --- c.1325, from O.Fr. urine (12c.), from L. urina "urine," from PIE *ur- (cf. Gk. ouron "urine"), variant of base *awer- "to moisten, flow" (cf. Skt. var "water," Avestan var "rain," Lith. jures "sea," O.E. wær, O.N. ver "sea," O.N. ur "drizzling rain." Urinate is a 1599 back-formation from urination (early 15c.).

URL --- by 1990, acronym from uniform resource locator.

urn --- 1374, "vase used to preserve the ashes of the dead," from L. urna "a jar, vessel," probably from earlier *urc-na, akin to urceus "pitcher, jug," and from the same source as Gk. hyrke "earthen vessel." But another theory connects it to L. urere "to burn" (cf. bust (1)).

ursine --- pertaining to a bear, c.1550, from L. ursinus "of or resembling a bear," from ursus "a bear," cognate with Gk. arktos (see arctic).

Ursula --- fem. proper name, from L. Ursula, dim. of ursa "she-bear" (see ursine).

us --- O.E. us (cognate with O.S., O.Fris. us, O.N., Swed. oss), accusative and dative pl. of we, from PIE *ns- (cf. Skt. nas, Avestan na, Hittite nash "us;" Gk. no "we two;" L. nos "we, us;" O.C.S. ny "us," nasu "our;" O.Ir. ni, Welsh ni "we, us"). The -n- is preserved in Gmc. in Du. ons, Ger. uns.

usable --- 1382, from O.Fr. usable (1311), from user (see use). Not a common word before c.1840.

usage --- 1297, "established practice, custom," from Anglo-Fr. and O.Fr. usage "custom, habit, experience," from us, from L. usus "use, custom" (see use).

use (n.) --- c.1225, from O.Fr. us, from L. usus "use, custom, skill, habit," from pp. stem of uti (see use (v.)). Useful is recorded from 1595; useless is first attested 1593.

use (v.) --- c.1240, from O.Fr. user "use, employ, practice," from V.L. *usare "use," frequentative form of pp. stem of L. uti "to use," in Old L. oeti "use, employ, exercise, perform," of unknown origin. Replaced O.E. brucan (see brook (v.)). Used "second-hand" is recorded from 1595. User is recorded from 1935 in the narcotics sense, 1967 in the computer sense. User-friendly (1977) is said in some sources to have been coined by software designer Harlan Crowder as early as 1972. Verbal phrase used to "formerly did or was" (as in I used to love her) represents a construction attested from 1303, and common from c.1400, but now surviving only in p.t. form. The pronunciation is affected by the t- of to.

usher (n.) --- c.1380, "servant who has charge of doors and admits people to a chamber, hall, etc.," from Anglo-Fr. usser (12c.), from O.Fr. ussier, from V.L. ustiarius "doorkeeper," from L. ostiarius "door-keeper," from ostium "door, entrance," related to os "mouth." Fem. form usherette is attested from 1925. The verb meaning "conduct, escort" is from 1594.

ustashi --- Croatian separatise movement, 1932, from Croatian Ustaše, pl. of Ustaša "insurgent, rebel."

usual --- 1387, from O.Fr. usuel (1298), from L.L. usualis "ordinary," from L. usus "custom" (see use). The adv. form usually is attested from 1477. The usual suspects is from a line delivered by Claude Rains (as a Fr. police inspector) in "Casablanca" (1942).

usufruct --- right to the use and profits of the property of another without damaging it, 1618 (implied in usufructuary), from L.L. usufructus, in full usus et fructus "use and enjoyment," from L. usus "a use" + fructus "enjoyment," lit. "fruit." Attested earlier in delatinized form usufruit (1478).

usurer --- c.1290, from O.Fr. usurier, from M.L. usurarius "usurer," from L. adj. usurarius "pertaining to interest," from usura (see usury).

usurp --- c.1325, from O.Fr. usurper, from L. usurpare "make use of, seize for use," in L.L. "to assume unlawfully," from usus "a use" (see use) + rapere "to seize" (see rapid).

usury --- 1303, from M.L. usuria, from L. usura "usury, interest," from usus, from stem of uti (see use). Originally the practice of lending money at interest, later, at excessive rates of interest.

Utah --- from Sp. yuta, name of the indigenous Uto-Aztecan people of the Great Basin (Mod. Eng. Ute), perhaps from Western Apache (Athabaskan) yudah "high" (in reference to living in the mountains).

utensil --- c.1375, from O.Fr. utensile "implement," from L. utensilia "materials, things for use," noun use of neut. pl. of utensilis "fit for use," from uti (see use).

uterine --- pertaining to the womb, 1432, from O.Fr. uterin, from L.L. uterinus "pertaining to the womb," also "born of the same mother," from L. uterus "womb" (see uterus).

uterus --- 1615, from L. uterus "womb, belly" (pl. uteri), from PIE base *udero- "abdomen, womb, stomach" (cf. Skt. udaram "belly," Gk. hystera "womb," Lith. vederas "stomach," O.C.S. vedro "bucket").

utilitarian --- 1781, coined by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) from utility. One guided by the doctrine of the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Utilitarianism is from 1827.

utility --- 1391, "fact of being useful," from O.Fr. utilite "usefulness" (1291), earlier utilitet (12c.), from L. utilitatem (nom. utilitas) "usefulness, serviceableness, profit," from utilis "usable," from uti (see use). As a shortened form of public utility it is recorded from 1930.

utilize --- 1807, from Fr. utiliser, from It. utilizzare, from utile "usable," from L. utilis "usable," from uti (see use). Utilization is first attested 1847.

utmost --- O.E. utmest (Anglian) "outermost," double superlative of ut "out."

utopia --- 1551, from Mod.L. Utopia, lit. "nowhere," coined by Thomas More (and used as title of his book, 1516, about an imaginary island enjoying perfect legal, social, and political systems), from Gk. ou "not" + topos "place." Extended to "any perfect place," 1613. Utopian originally meant "having no known location" (1609); sense of "impossibly visionary, ideal" is from 1621; as a noun meaning "visionary idealist" it is first recorded c.1873 (earlier in this sense was utopiast, 1854).

utter (adj.) --- complete, total, O.E. utera, uterra, "outer," comparative adj. formed from ut (see out), from P.Gmc. *utizon (cf. O.N. utar, O.Fris. uttra, M.Du. utere, Du. uiter-, O.H.G. uzar, Ger. äußer "outer"), a comparative adj. from the base of out. Uttermost, attested from c.1300, is more recent than utmost; M.E. also had uttermore (1382), now, alas, no loger with us. Utterly (c.1225) originally meant "sincerely, outspokenly" (cf. utter (v.)).