A aac Arctic Athabaskan Council (aac). Aasiaat
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Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). LDC – London Dumping Convention (LDC). Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters. League of Nations – an international organisation formed in 1919. After World War II, in 1946, it transferred its functions to the UN. The aims of the League were to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security. The organization of the League of Nations included the Council, the Assembly and the Secretariat. Autonomous but closely connected to the League of Nations were the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labour Organization. The headquarters of the League lied in Geneva, Switzerland. Least Concern (LC) – IUCN category (Red Data Book). A taxon (species or genus) is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. IUCN Red Data Book. Leghold trap – a modern leg-hold traps have either rubber-covered or offset jaws which do not cause any abrasion, tear skin, or cut off blood circulation. This type of trapping is not considered inhumane if the traps are properly set, but many trappers use quick-kill traps such as the Conibear or the neck-snare. Leisure – the free time spent when not being at work. Leisure industry – are companies that own, operate, or engage in amusement, attractions, recreation, entertainment facilities, exhibitions, and products, eateries, lodging, and gaming. Life-support system – is the ecological process that sustains the productivity, adaptability and capacity for the renewal of lands, waters and/or the biosphere as a whole. Limnic – in fresh water. Lincoln Sea – a small sea north of North Greenland, bordered to the west by Ellesmere Island, Canada and to the east by Peary Land, Greenland. The sea cannot be navigated due to thick sea ice. The sea is named after Robert Todd Lincoln (1843-1926), Secretary of War in the U.S.A. by the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition (1881-84). Lincoln was son of Abraham Lincoln, President of the U.S.A. (1861-65). Linné, Carl von – a Swedish biologist (1707-78). Biological classification. Linnean – refers to the biological classification introduced by Carl von Linné. Biological classification. London Convention or London Dumping Convention (LDC) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters. Longitude – the angular distance on the earth’s surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian at Royal Greenwich Observatory, England, to the meridian passing through a position, expressed in degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds. All points along the prime meridian are at 0 longitude, and all other points on the earth have longitudes ranging from 0 to 180E or from 0 to 180W. Antonym: Latitude. LORAN – the U.S.A. developed the Long Range Aid Navigation as a land based navigation system using low frequency radio transmitters. The system is still in use, but the satellite based GPS is taking over the functions of LORAN. Low Arctic tundra – the southernmost sector of the Arctic tundra with continuous vegetation that covers most areas. Low Level Flight Training – during the 1980’s and 1990’s the Canadian military air base at Goose Bay in Labrador hosted permanent detachments from the British Royal Air Force, the German Luftwaffe and the Dutch Royal Air Force. The manoeuvres carried out were flight training at low altitude over the homeland and hunting grounds of the Labrador and Quebec Innu. The Innu people protested against these flights affected humans and animals with stress symptoms. M MAD – Mutual Assured Destruction. Mammal names of the most common species in Latin and English: Alces alces – Moose, Elk; Alces americanus – Kolyma moose; Alopex lagopus caerulescens – Arctic fox – blue; Alopex lagopus lagopus – Arctic fox – white; Arvicola terrestris – European water vole; Balaena glacialis – Northern right whale; Balaena mysticetus – Bowhead whale; Balaenoptera acutorostrata – Minke whale; Balaenoptera borealis – Sei whale; Balaenoptera musculus – Blue whale; Balaenoptera physalus – Fin whale; Beradius bairdii – Baird’s beaked whale; Bison bison – Bison; Callorhinus alsascanus – Fur seal; Canis familiaris – Eskimo dog, Husky; Canis latrans – Coyote; Canis lupus – Wolf; Capra sibirica – Siberian ibex; Castor canadensis – Beaver; Citellus undulates – Arctic ground squirrel; Clethrionomys rufocanus – Grey red-backed vole; Clethrionomys rutilus – Northern red-backed vole; Cystophora cristata – Hooded seal; Delphinapterus leucas – Beluga whale; Delphinus holbøllii – Dolphin; Discrostonyx torquatus groenlandicus – Arctic collared lemming; Discrostonyx hudsonius – Hudson Bay lemming; Enhydra lutris – Sea otter; Eothenomys lemminus – Eastern vole; Erethizon dorsatum – North American porcupine; Erignathus barbatus – Bearded seal; Eschrichtius robustus – Gray whale; Eumetopias jubatus – Steller’s sea lion; Globicephala melaena – Atlantic pilot whale; Gulo gulo luscos – Wolverine; Halichoerus grypus – Grey seal; Hyperoodon ampullatus – Northern bottlenose whale; Lagenorhynchus acutus – Atlantic white-sided dolphin; Lagenorhynchus albirostris – White-beaked dolphin; Lemmus sibiricus – Brown lemming; Lepus americanus – Snowshoe hare; Lepus arcticus – Arctic hare; Lepus othus – Alaskan hare; Lepus timidus – Blue hare; Lutra canadensis – North American river otter; Lutra lutra – European otter; Lynx lynx – Lynx; Marmota broweri – Alaska marmot; Marmota camtschatica – Black-capped marmot; Martes Americana – American marten; Megaptera navaeangliae – Humpback whale; Microtus oeconomus – Tundra vole, Root vole; Monodon monoceros – Narwhal; Mustela erminea – Ermine, Shorttailed weasel; Mustela lutreola – European mink; Mustela nivalis – Least weasel; Mustela vison – American mink; Mustela zibellini – Sable; Ochotona hyperborea – Northern pika; Odobenus rosmarus – Walrus; Ondatra zibethicus – Muskrat; Orcinus orca – Killer whale, Orca; Ovibos moschatus – Muskox; Ovis canadensis – Bighorn sheep; Ovis dalli – Dall´s sheep; Pagophilus groenlandicus, Phoca groenlandica – Harp seal, Greenland seal; Phoca fasciata – Ribbon seal; Phoca hispida – Ringed seal; Phoca largha – Largha, Spotted seal; Phoca vitulina – Harbour seal; Phocoena phocoena – Harbour porpoise; Phocoenoides dalli – Dalls porpoise; Physeter catodon – Sperm whale; Rangifer caribou – Caribou; Rangifer tarandus – Reindeer; Sciurus vulgaris – Red squirrel; Sorex araneus – Common shrew; Sorex arcticus – Arctic shrew; Spermophilus parryii – Arctic ground squirrel; Ursus americanus – American black bear; Ursus arctos – Brown bear; Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear; Ursus maritimus – Polar bear; Vulpes vulpes – Red fox. Management – the act of managing, handling, directing or controlling. Example: “Any body or agency technically qualified in the protection, conservation or management of wild fauna and flora and their habitats …” Mandate – the authority granted by an electorate to act as its representative. General assemblies and elections, etc. are often said to give the newly elected board or government, etc. a mandate to implement certain policies. Example: “It is recommended that the ICC Task Force on Trade be given another four-year mandate to continue its work.” Marine – in the sea water. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) – U.S. act that came into force in 1972. Its purpose is to protect and manage marine mammals and their products, and to stop the import of seal skin from South Africa.. A Marine Mammal Commission has been established under the MMPA. The commission’s duties include reviewing laws and international conventions relating to marine mammals, studying the condition of these mammals, and recommending steps to federal authorities that should be taken to protect marine mammals. The primary authority for implementing the act belongs to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). The FWS manages walruses, polar bears, sea otters etc. The NMFS manages whales, porpoises, seals, and sea lions. The MMPA has had significant negative impact on Inuit trade with artefacts and skins made of marine mammal products. The MMPA was amended in 1994. The amendments encourage cooperative agreements with indigenous organizations in Alaska and federal agencies to conserve marine mammals and provide co-management of subsistence use. MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Matriarchy – any social organisation based on female power. Melting pot – this term is often used to describe integration/assimilation policies. Assimilation. Integration. MEP – Member of the European Parliament. Meridian – the imaginary great circle on the earth’s surface that is passing through the North and South geographic poles. Métis – this term usually refers to descendants of mixed indigenous and non-indigenous ancestors. In Canada the Métis identify themselves as a distinct people. Metropolis-satellite relationship – a structure in which a central region (metropolis) dominates a peripheral region (satellite). Microorganism – an organism that is microscopic. Microorganisms include e.g. bacteria. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. Midden – often named a kitchen midden, which is a refuse pile or dump in an archaeological site. Midnight sun – a phenomenon where the sun is visible continuously for 24 hours a day. Midnight sun only occurs in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. The duration of the midnight sun increases from one day during the summer solstice at the Arctic Circle to approximately six months at the poles. The length of the time when the sun is above the horizon varies from 20 hours at the Arctic and Antarctic Circles to 186 days at the poles. Midway line – or Equidistant line is a possible solution when fishing limits on 200 nautical miles cannot be used due to distances less than 400 nautical miles between two countries. Migration – the movement of individuals (humans, animals or plants) from one place to another. Many animals migrate in search of food or shelter, often on an annual basis according to the seasons. Emigration refers to moving out of -. Immigration refers to moving in to -. Mile – 1,609 kilometres. Minister – a servant. A person appointed by the head of a government to take charge of some department. Minority – a racial, religious, ethnic, sexual or political group smaller than the larger, controlling group. MLA – Member of Legislative Assembly. MMPA The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Mollusca – there are around 110,000 different species of mollusca, including snails, slugs (gastropods), clams (pelecypoda), mussels, oysters (bivalves), octopus and squid (cephalopoda). Mollusca are the second largest phylum of animals. Mollusca are living in aquatic or moist environments. They are soft-bodied, and are usually protected by a calcareous shell, which is secreted by a fold of the body wall called the mantle. Most important economic species of the Arctic are: Clinocardium nuttallii – Nuttall’s cockle; Glycymeris subobsuleta – Pacific coast bittersweet; Mytilus edulis – Bay mussel or Blue mussel. Monroe Doctrine – a doctrine of 1823 stating that the U.S.A. would regard any attempt by an European nation to interfere in the affairs of the American countries or increase its possession on the American continent as an unfriendly act. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer – an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. It is a follow up treaty to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Since then, it has undergone seven revisions. Moraine – a ridge, mound or irregular mass of boulders, gravel, sand, and clay transported by a glacier. Moraine soil – the glacial deposits of sand, gravel and clay. Mortality – death rate. MOU – Memorandum of Understanding. MP – Member of Parliament. Multiple use – use of land for more than one purpose; e.g., grazing of livestock, watershed and wildlife protection, recreation, and timber production. Also applies to use of bodies of water for recreational purposes, fishing, and water supply. Murmansk Speech – a speech held by Mikhail Gorbachev (last leader of the Soviet Union) in Murmansk in November of 1987. The speech deals with several different demilitarisation initiatives such as making the Arctic a nuclear-free zone and limiting the military-naval activities in the northern oceans. However, it also gave birth to the idea about a northern shipping route from the Far East to Europe. Other parts of the speech concerned itself with the co-operation between resource development, environmental monitoring, and science. “Comrades, now as I speak to you here, in Murmansk, the capital of the Soviet polar region, it is fitting to look at ideas about international cooperation concerning the northern regions of the planet. We must act now to save the tundra and the northern taiga areas. There are some important reasons for this. The Arctic is not only the northern Arctic Ocean, it is also the northern border areas for three continents: Europe, Asia, and North America. (...) The scientific exploration of the Arctic is of enormous importance for all humanity. We have a wealth of experiences in this area and we are ready to share it with others. In return, we are interested in the research, which is carried out in other sub-Arctic and northern countries (...) Special attention needs to be focused on the indigenous peoples in the northern region, such as the study of their unique ethnicity and the development of cultural ties among the northern peoples (...) We put a great deal of weight on the cooperation of northern countries with regard to the environment. The moment for this is self-evident (...) The Soviet Union suggests a collaborative preparation of a comprehensive and complex plan for the preservation of the environment in the northern regions. The north European countries could be an example for other countries by achieving agreement and by establishing a system of environmental monitoring in the region. We must act.” The Murmansk Speech was partly inspired by the Inuit Circumpolar Conference Environment Commission (ICCEC), and its framework document Inuit Regional Conservation Strategy. Foreign countries dismissed Gorbachev’s speech as empty propaganda; it was therefore not the Soviet Union that became the father of the international Arctic co-operation, which was started in 1991. It was the Finns who took the initiative, which is why the process became known as the Finnish Initiative. Myths – even if the word refers to something that is “untrue”, myths are the common stories or legends of a culture of how the world was created. Myths are from a time before recorded history begins, and was a part of a cultures’ oral tradition. N NAFO North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO). Nalukataq – the celebration that takes place after a successful spring whaling in North Slope Borough, Alaska NAMMCO North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO). NARF Nordic Arctic Research Forum (NARF). NASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO). Nation – a historically, culturally and socially developed community of people. Almost all nations are associated with a specific territory, economic life, distinctive culture, and language in common. The term First Nations is used by Canadian groups, which share an indigenous (Indian) culture that seek official recognition or autonomy. Nation state – the modern form of state, possessing clearly defined borders. A Nation state is a political and geopolitical entity with a political organisation with effective power over a geographic area. Usually it implies that the citizens share a common language, culture, and other values. Most theories see the nation state as a 19th century European phenomenon. National Wildlife Refuge – a protected area for wildlife in the U.S.A. Native – Aboriginal, Indigenous, First is an original inhabitant of a place, region or country, as distinguished from an invader, explorer, colonist etc. Indigenous. Native title – refers to indigenous peoples being the rightful owners of a land or an area. Nativism – the preservation of the Indigenous or Native cultures. Nativism is also referring to an American political movement in 1830’s and 1840’s, which opposed immigration of Catholics in favour of establishing a Protestant Republic. NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Natural resources – include two categories of resources to be found 1) renewable resources, which are wind, water, soil, forest, wildlife, etc., and 2) non-renewable resources, which are oil, coal, iron ore etc. Nautical mile – 1,852 meters. Nautilus – USS Nautilus was the world’s first nuclear submarine that sailed under the geographic North Pole. Nautilus left Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, travelled through the Bering Strait and under the ice pack, and reached the North Pole on August 3, 1958. It did not surface at the Pole, but continued on, and after 96 hours and 2,9451,830 km/miles submerged under the ice, the submarine surfaced in the Greenland Sea. NC Nordic Council (NC). NCM Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM). NEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC). Near Threatened (NT) – a IUCN category (Red Data Book). A taxon (species or genus) is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. IUCN Red Data Book. Nitrogen – used in the manufacture of ammonia, nitric acid, cyanide, explosives, and fertiliser, as cooling agent etc. Nitrogen causes acidifying pollution. Nitrogen oxides Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Nocturnal – something, that happens at night. Often used in connection with animals that are hunting at night. Nomad – a person who lives of nomadism. Nomadism – tribes or people having no permanent home, but moving about constantly in search of food, pasture, etc. Nomenclature – the system or the political leadership. Often used in connection with the communist regime of the former USSR. Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) – any organisation that is not a part of federal, provincial, territorial or municipal government. Includes private voluntary organisations, corporations, educational institutions, and labour unions. In some countries NGO’s have to be officially registered, in others not. Non-renewable resource – are oil, coal, iron ore etc. Resource. Non-status Indian – an Indian person who is not registered as an Indian under the Indian Act in Canada. Nordic Arctic Research Forum (NARF) – a forum that seems no longer active. Nordic Council (NC) – was established in 1952 and is the forum for the Nordic parliamentary cooperation. The Council has 87 elected members, representing the five countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and three autonomous territories, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The members of the Council are members of the national parliaments, who are nominated by their respective political party. There is thus no procedure for direct election to the Nordic Council. Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM) – was established in 1971, and is the forum for the Nordic governmental cooperation. Nordic Countries – refers to the nation states of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, and to the autonomous areas of the Åland Islands (Finland), the Faroe Islands and Greenland (both Denmark). Norse – or Norsemen is the ancient name for the people of the Nordic countries, also known as the Vikings. The term Norse is usually used when describing the early settlers of the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) – is an international organisation for cooperation on the conservation, management and study of marine mammals in the North Atlantic. The NAMMCO Agreement, which was signed in Nuuk, Greenland in 1992 by Norway, Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, focuses on modern approaches to the study of the marine ecosystem as a whole, and to understanding better the role of marine mammals in this system. NAMMCO provides a mechanism for cooperation on conservation and management for all species of cetaceans (whales and dolphins) and pinnipeds (seals and walruses) in the region, many of which have not before been covered by such an international agreement. North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO) – is an international organisation established under the Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean which entered into force on 1 October 1983. The objective of the Organization is to contribute through consultation and cooperation to the conservation, restoration, enhancement and rational management of salmon stocks subject to the Convention taking into account the best scientific evidence available to it. The Convention applies to the salmon stocks, which migrate beyond areas of fisheries jurisdiction of coastal States of the Atlantic Ocean north of 36N latitude throughout their migratory range. North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) – the convention entered into force in 1982 and there are currently six contracting parties: The European Community, Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands and Greenland), Iceland, Norway, Poland and the Russian Federation. 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