A glossary of Terms Related to the Conflict
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EE4A The name given to an undercover surveillance unit of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). The unit was alleged to have been involved in a number of incidents in the early 1980s when members of Republican paramilitary groups were killed in disputed circumstances. These incidents led to controversy with Republicans claiming that the security forces were operating a 'shoot-to-kill' policy. See: Abstracts on Organisations entry. Early Release Scheme As part of the Good Friday Agreement (GFA) prisoners belonging to paramilitary groups then on ceasefire were freed under terms known as an 'early release scheme'. Education for Mutual Understanding (EMU) The Northern Ireland Council for Education Development (NICED) in 1985 set out to investigate the possible ways in which schools could be used to improve community relations within the North of Ireland. As a result a committee was set up to consider this matter and it later proposed changes to the curriculum which were grouped under the title of 'Education for Mutual Understanding'. Éire The name, in Irish, given to the Irish State in Article 4 of the 1937 Bunreacht Na hÉireann(Constitution of Ireland). The English equivalent of Éire is Ireland. When Ireland declared itself a Republic on Easter Monday (April 18) 1949 the name of the State became 'Republic of Ireland'. The name Éire correctly refers to the State for the period 1937 to 1949. Some Unionists are accused of using the term in a derogatory manner when referring to the present Republic. See also: Irish Free State, Republic of Ireland, 'South of Ireland', 'Twenty-Six Counties' Éire Nua Was the name given to a policy document of Provisional Sinn Féin (PSF) which advocated that any future political settlement in Ireland should be based on a federal arrangement based on the four provinces of Ireland. In 1981 it was dropped as party policy. However, when Republican Sinn Féin (RSF) was formed in 1986 the new grouping adopted the policy contained in Éire Nua. See: Sinn Féin (SF) (1979) Éire Nua, The Sinn Féin Policy - The Social, Economic and Political Dimensions (1979). Dublin: Sinn Féin (SF). Enniskillen Bomb On 8 November 1987, during the annual Remembrance Day ceremony, a bomb planted by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) exploded close to the War Memorial in the town of Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. As a result of the attack 11 people were killed and over sixty injured. The events of that day became known as the 'Enniskillen Poppy Day Bomb' or the 'Remembrance Day Bomb'. Exclusion Order(s) The Prevention of Terrorism Act (1974) contained provisions to allow the authorities in London to exclude anyone from Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) or Northern Ireland, who was suspected of involvement in paramilitary activity in Northern Ireland. Later these so called 'exclusion orders' were refined so that each case would be reviewed every three years. In 1997 they were annulled and subsequently in 1998 allowed to lapse. Exiled One of the forms of 'punishment' used by paramilitary organisations on those they suspected of alleged misdemeanours was to force them to leave Northern Ireland. The people thus affected were said to have been 'exiled'. Extradition During the conflict the British government on occasions sought to extradite paramilitary suspects, mainly from Republican groups, who had fled chiefly to the Republic of Ireland but also to Europe or America. The issue however proved controversial and defendants often challenged their extradition on the grounds that they would not receive a fair trial under the British legal system. A number of particular cases caused strained relationships between London and Dublin. FFalls / Falls Road / The Falls A large working-class Catholic area in west Belfast. Many people in the area support the Republican movement. Feakle The location in County Clare in the Republic of Ireland where from 9-11 December 1974 a group of Protestant churchmen from Northern Ireland met prominent members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Fianna Éireann The youth wing of the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Mainly use in the past in support of IRA operations. See: Abstracts on Organisations entry. Fianna Fáil (FF) One of the two main political parties in the Republic of Ireland. The party was originally formed from those who opposed the 'Treaty' in 1921. See: Abstracts on Organisations entry. Fine Gael (FG) One of the two main political parties in the Republic of Ireland. Originally formed from the wing of Sinn Féin which supported the 'Treaty' of 1921. See: Abstracts on Organisations entry. Firebomb Paramilitary groups, on both sides, often used firebombs, or incendiary devices, to carry out attacks on commercial and other premises during the conflict in Northern Ireland. 'Flag(s) of Convenience' The term 'flag of convenience' refers to the practice by certain paramilitary organisations which used cover names (nommes de guerre, pseudonyms) of new, or little known organisations, when claiming responsibility for certain attacks. 'Flashpoint' Across Northern Ireland certain locations, due to events such as contentious band parades or specific events in the past, are more prone to outbreaks of sectarian violence. These are known simply as 'flashpoints'. These flashpoints often coincide with sectarian interfaces where the two main communities live close to each other. 'Foot Dragging' During the 'Peace Process' in Northern Ireland Nationalists and Republicans have frequently alleged that the British government and Unionist politicians have deliberately set out to slow down or frustrate political developments. The figure of speech used to describe this is 'foot dragging'. 'For God and Ulster' This slogan was first used during the Home Rule crisis of 1912 and became the motto of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) which had been founded to resist the introduction of this measure by the British government of the day. In more recent times it has been used as a rallying call, invoking religious fervour and patriotism, for the Protestant community in Northern Ireland to resist any effort to alter the existing constitutional arrangements. Forum Report / New Ireland Forum Report The Report produced by the New Ireland Forum of constitutional Nationalist parties held in Dublin Castle during 1984. 'Four Horsemen' In 1977 a group of leading Irish-American politicians joined together to establish a 'Friends of Ireland' group in order to try to encourage a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Northern Ireland. Amongst those involved were Senator Edward Kennedy, Tip O'Neill the then Speaker of the House of Representatives, Senator Daniel Moynihan, and Hugh Carey the then Governor of New York. Noraid, which viewed the group as a challenge to the Irish Republican cause, coined the phrase the 'four horsemen' to describe their activities. Given the profile of such figures its influence grew and it was later credited with moving American opinion away from supporting the use of violence in Northern Ireland. In addition they sought to encourage the incumbent President of the United States to take a much more active role in Irish affairs. Framework Documents On 22 February 1995 the British and Irish governments launched proposals to break the political stalemate in Northern Ireland. The proposals were contained in two documents entitled 'A New Framework For Agreement', and 'A Framework For Accountable Government In Northern Ireland'. Together these were known as the 'Framework Documents'. See: British Government. (1995), The Framework Documents - A Framework For Accountable Government In Northern Ireland, (22 February 1995). London: Prime Minister's Office. British and Irish Governments. (1995), The Framework Documents - A New Framework For Agreement, (22 February 1995). London: Prime Minister's Office. 'Free Derry Corner' In the summer of 1969 after widespread civil unrest across Northern Ireland the security forces were prevented from entering a number of Catholic districts in Belfast and Derry due to the erection of barricades. These barricades were manned and the areas enclosed by the barriers were referred to as 'no-go areas'. One of the most famous of these was the Bogside in Derry which became know as 'Free Derry'. On a gable wall of a terrace of houses in the area a slogan was painted declaring: 'You are Now Entering Free Derry'. The gable wall of the house stood at the corner of Lecky Road and Fahan Street and the site became known as Free Derry Corner. Despite the later demolition of the terrace of houses the gable wall was retained and continues to stand as a local landmark. 
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