A look into the world
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- Navigate this page:
- A LOOK INTO THE WORLD OF
- HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE PART ONE
- Chapter Four
- HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERFACE
- Connecting with your computer - Human-computer interaction and Artificial Intelligence INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
- Research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
- Contributors to HCI
HCI 
A LOOK INTO THE WORLD OF 
HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERFACE PART ONE  TABLE OD CONTENTS
Chapter One Introduction and Overview History and Background Earlier development and Foundation of the Field Pioneers The need for HCI Strategic Themes Basic Interaction Direct Manipulation of graphical object Application Types Current Development Technological Trends Up-and-Coming Areas Visualization and Biological Field Chapter Two Concept and Design in HCI Design and Evaluation Methods Concepts of User Interface design Principle of User Interface Design Ergonomic Guidelines for User-Interface Design General Principles to follow when designing any programme Human Issues Importance of HCI
HCI and Web: problems and Promises Issues in HCI design in Web Mediun How screens Display Colours Web-Safe Colours Contributors to HCI Chapter Four Gesture Recognition Augmented Reality Computer Supported Cooperative Work. CHAPTER ONE HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERFACE
Connecting with your computer - Human-computer interaction and Artificial Intelligence INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW "Computer, this is captain Jeanway. Abort the self-destruction sequence. Authorization code, 89453432..." "Voice, confirmed. Authorization code, confirmed. Abort the self-destruction sequence...Unable to comply, System malfunction..." BANG!!! ...... If you are a trekker, you will undoubtly recognize the above conversation. Yes, it is from Star Trek, a television series spawned by one of the most popular science fiction of the century. However, if you simply have not heard of "Star Trek", do not worry because we only need to know that the above is a human-computer interaction, which is hopefully to happen in the future (except for the "BANG" part). Actually, a conversation as simple as the above between the human and the computer is far more difficult for today's technology to accomplish than you may have imagined. It involves speech recognition, natural language understanding, Artificial intelligence, and natural voice output, all of which are topics in the study of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Simply put, Human-Computer Interaction is a interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with computers, which includes user interface design, human perception and cognitive science, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual reality. With the explosive growth of raw computing power and accompany technologies, computers become essential to everyday life, and because of this, HCI, the science of how humans interact with computers is attracting more and more attention these days. Comprehensively, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is the study of how people design, implement, and use interactive computer systems, and how computers affect individuals, organizations, and society. This encompasses not only ease of use but also new interaction techniques for supporting user tasks, providing better access to information, and creating more powerful forms of communication. It involves input and output devices and the interaction techniques that use them; how information is presented and requested; how the computer's actions are controlled and monitored; all forms of help, documentation, and training; the tools used to design, build, test, and evaluate user interfaces; and the processes that developers follow when creating interfaces. HCI is a research area of increasingly central significance to computer science, other scientific and engineering disciplines, and an ever expanding array of application domains. This more prominent role follows from the widely perceived need to expand the focus of computer science research beyond traditional hardware and software issues to attempt to better understand how technology can more effectively support people in accomplishing their goals. At the same time that a human-centered approach to system development is of growing significance, factors conspire to make the design and development of systems even more difficult than in the past. This increased difficulty follows from the disappearance of boundaries between applications as we start to support people's real activities; between machines as we move to distributed computing; between media as we expand systems to include video, sound, graphics, and communication facilities; and between people as we begin to realize the importance of supporting organizations and group activities. Research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been spectacularly successful, and has fundamentally changed computing. Just one example is the ubiquitous graphical interface used by Microsoft Windows 95, which is based on the Macintosh, which is based on work at Xerox PARC, which in turn is based on early research at the Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Another example is that virtually all software written today employs user interface toolkits and interface builders, concepts which were developed first at universities. Even the spectacular growth of the World-Wide Web is a direct result of HCI research: applying hypertext technology to browsers allows one to traverse a link across the world with a click of the mouse. Interface improvements more than anything else has triggered this explosive growth. Furthermore, the research that will lead to the user interfaces for the computers of tomorrow is happening at universities and a few corporate research labs. This lecture note tries to briefly summarize many of the important research developments in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technology. By "research," I mean exploratory work at universities and government and corporate research labs (such as Xerox PARC) that is not directly related to products. By "HCI technology," I am referring to the computer side of HCI. A companion work on the history of the "human side," discussing the contributions from psychology, design, human factors and ergonomics would also be appropriate. Figure 1 shows time lines for some of the technologies discussed in this book. Of course, a deeper analysis would reveal much interaction between the university, corporate research and commercial activity streams. It is important to appreciate that years of research are involved in creating and making these technologies ready for widespread use. The same will be true for the HCI technologies that will provide the interfaces of tomorrow. It is clearly impossible to list every system and source in a lecture note of this scope, but I have tried to represent the earliest and most influential systems. Although there are a number of other surveys of HCI topics. The technologies covered in this material include fundamental interaction styles like direct manipulation, the mouse pointing device, and windows; several important kinds of application areas, such as drawing, text editing and spreadsheets; the technologies that will likely have the biggest impact on interfaces of the future, such as gesture recognition, multimedia, Computer supported Cooperative work, and 3D; and the technologies used to create interfaces using the other technologies, such as user interface management systems, toolkits, and interface builders. 
Figure 1: Approximate time lines showing where work was performed on some major technologies discussed in this article. Contributors to HCI
HCI is a multidisciplinary field. The main contributions come from computer science, cognitive psychology, and ergonomics and human factors. However, other areas of interest include artificial intelligence, (graphic) design, engineering, and even psychology, sociology, and anthropology:    
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