A note… this is not a complete history just my observations of what has been tested on the Multiple choice in the past… use this wisely 

This phase of the War begins with the British coming back to the colonies in Force from Nova Scotia (where they went from Boston) and land in Long Island chasing GW through NY and force him to escape to New Jersey… by Dec. GW suprises the Hessians at Trenton and the British at Princeton (battles of NJ) swinging the momentum back to the colonists… VERY IMPT. After NY…

New British Strategy is a three-pronged invasion of the north with all armies ending in Albany… then they would cut New England off from the rest of the colonies…. (most patriots in NE) Least in South…

Br. Strategy fails…. Howe defeats GW at Germantown and Brandeywine outside Philly (GW gives 2CC time to leave Philly and get to safety) GW then winters at Valley Forge where Army suffers but is trained by Von Steuben into a better fighting force by the Spring… St. Leger fails from the West… and Burgoyne marches to Saratoga where, in the most sig. battle of the Am. Rev., the Rebels crush him and he is forced to surrender…. Due to out victory: France signs the Treaty of 1778… publicly supporting the colonies…. Spain and Holland both declare war in 1779… making a WORLD WAR…Russia (Catherine the Great in 1780 forms a list of countries (p. 155 in text) in ARMED NEUTRALITY.

British strategy changes for a final time… and begins well. Gen. Cornwallis takes Charleston, SC and then meets the Continental Army led by the “hero of saratoga” (not in reality but… ) Gen. Horatio Gates. The Rebels are crushed and Gates quits…. Nathaniel Greene is sent by GW to take over and he meets with Francis Marion (swamp fox – movie “patriot”) and they entice the British away from the coast and beat them at Kings Mountain and draw with them at Guilford Courthouse…NC…. Cornawallis then goes to Wilmington to Resupply and then decides on destroying Virginia… marching to Charlottesville, but is out of supplies… meanwhile the French have arrived and team up with GW (30,000 + soldiers led by gen Rochambeau) and they secretly leave NJ and march to Virginia… as Cornwallis retreats to the coast to resupply… (Yorktown, 1781) a surprise is waiting… expecting the Br. Navy to resupply him… he is shocked when they are defeated by the French fleet led by Admiral deGrasse… so he is trapped by Sea and by land by GW and the French Army…. Cornwallis surrenders… sporadic fighting continues for a couple of years… but in essence the WAR is OVER AND THE PATRIOTS HAVE WON!

Some facts:

John Paul Jones… is considered to be the only naval hero during the American Rev. for the US

Gen. George Rogers Clark (USA) is key in a victory in “Illinois Country” and due to this we have sig. larger borders agreed to in the treaty.

The Treaty of Paris, 1783

John Jay (one of the future authors of the Federalist papers, and 1^st Supreme Court Chief Justice), Ben Franklin, and John Adams are instructed by the 2^nd CC (now our US Gov’t under the Articles of Confederation finally ratified 1777- 1781 [took 4years to agree due to disputes over western land claims] ) to not sign anything without the approval of France…However, BF senses the French want to give much to the Spanish and get something for themselves…. So he sends Jay to GB and secretly they sign a very generous treaty (they want our trade again)… and Jay returns to France with the Treaty and the French have no choice to agree…. Boundary’s are set; North- the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence river… South – Florida, and West – Miss. River. Two conditions the USA agrees to which will haunt them (Br. Keeps troops on US soil in Western great lakes forts until after the War of 1812) they agree to 1) pay their previous debts to GB (we don’t) and 2) we agree to return land confiscated from Loyalists living in the USA during the war (we don’t) these issues cause problems in the future and are a part of why we go to war in 1812 with the BR. Again..

-All of these Rebellions were protesting the dominance of these individual state governments by wealthy eastern distant coastal interests and to PROTEST DISTANT AUTHORITY.

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676, western Virginia

• Paxton boys 1764 – West Pennsylvania

• Regulator movement 1770’s- in west NC

• Whiskey rebellion 1790’s- in west Penn

• Shays Rebellion 1786- in west Mass.

YOU NEED TO LOOK OVER THE HANDOUT ON ARTICLES, CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION AND AMENDMENTS TO BOLSTER THIS INFO!

Successes under the Articles of Confederation: Orderly process to settle west => land Ordinance 1785? (Survey) 16th section sold for support of Free Public Schools =>NW Ordinance 1787? (Territorial process to become states/ banned slavery) => Jefferson map of expansion

Weaknesses- no power to levy taxes or control interstate commerce

Shay’s Rebellion - 1786

• Why/Cause (farmer’s problems?)

• Effect? => led to constitutional convention (too much democracy)

Constitutional Convention 1787 – in Philadelphia, in Secret, a bundle of “Compromises”

• Free- slave states comp. (3/5)

• Large-Small states comprise for representation (VA. & NJ plan) -“Great Comp”

• Strong Central Gov’t over states

• Balance between branches of Gov’t

• Strong pres.

• Remember no bill of rights yet under 1st congress and GW

• Electoral College created

• No political parties exists for another 5 years or so (founding fathers dislike)

• Senators chosen by state legislature until 1913 (17th amendment)

• 5 of 13 states vote in favor only after a promise of a future bill of rights to be included (1st 10 amendments)

• Fed (merchants and veterans) V. Anti- Fed (farmers and the poorer class)

• Anti –Fed worried about giving new gov’t powers it had denied parliament, lack of Bill of Rights, too much power to federal gov’t…

Federalist papers are key… make sure to note the contents of # 10 and # 51…(on You to do)

Federalist Papers - John Jay, James Madison, alexander Hamilton – written to persuade states to approve ratification of constitution, states vote individually by state… Note: In the NY debate… a promise is made to add a BILL OF RIGHTS …from this point on … pretty routine.

George Washington (1789-1797)

(not a member of a political party , although the 1st Parties are created during his presidency)

Washington’s Farewell Address (2 Ideas)

• No political Parties

• No Permanent foreign Alliances

Alexander Hamilton’s (Sectary of Treasury) policies favored which social class?

Hamilton’s Financial Plan- improve credit and financial stability assumption of state debts from revolutionary war funding bonds sold during war at par(face value)

-Jefferson deal to allow D.C. inva.

-Jefferson primarily opposes Hamilton’s vision of an the dev. Of a British like Industrial mercantile interests instead of his vision of an agricultural focused nation of small Ind. Farmers

-Hamilton’s use of “Elastic clause” (necessary &proper) to support a Bank of USA—leads to creation of 1st political parties

Dem-Rep’s (Jeff & Madison) Federalists (Hamilton & Adams)

Whiskey Rebellion

• Favor France -Favor Britain

• Agriculture -cities

• Rural -merchants

• Middle-lower class -wealthy

Pinckney Treaty w/Spain- allows western farmers to use New Orleans to shop goods

1st action(in NYC) of Congress was to craft a “Bill of Rights” – Madison led effort….

Protected citizens from Federal Government not state government until 14th amendment

Neutrality Proclamation, 1793- Repuse to acknowledge French Treaty of 1778

-Due to French Revolution….

Many Northern States some Immediate begin to free slaves---- some gradual manumission occurs (owners freeing slaves) G. W. does on his death bed

1st Cabinet- Organized Executive

Secis of : Brand….

Tressury- Hamiltion

War- Knox

State- T Jeff

2nd term tradition (not law until 1950’s)

Genet Affair?

Jay Treaty? 1794- Tensions w/GB- Further cerements

NY Stock Exchange 1792

1794 Lancaster T-pike

John Adams 1797-1801 [Federalist]

(weaken Dem-Rep’s)

Alien and Sedition Act- purpose? Target?

TJ and JM response (VA & KY Resolutions- which introduce the concept of “nullification” in which states could “nullify” laws of fed gov’t the ind. state thought unconstitutional (before judicial review established by Marbury v. Madison))

Appoints John Marshall chief justice of Supreme Court

-serves 36 years--> see Marshall Case handout

Gabriel Prosser Slave Rebellion

Jay Treaty

Appointment of “midnight” judges just before he leaves as president leads to Marbury v. Madison, SC case

XYZ Affair- undeclared war with France, later settled by Convention of 1800 signed w/ Napolean

-Not one cent for “bribes” but millions for war

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

 Democratic-Republican

Believed In:

• Small/weak standing army

• Farmer/agriculture is back bone of America

• Small national gov’t

• Simple dress

• Freedom of speech/religion

Purchas of Louisiana from France, 1803

• Opened Mississippi River/Farmer’s Paradise… Future of USA Small Independent Farmers

• Showed Jefferson as inconsistent but flexible--- previous (strict view of Const.)--- this is not in const. bus he does it anyway

• Remove threat of Napoleon from Continent

Election of 1800---

• “Revolution of 1800”-TJ--- First peaceable transfer of power Federalists step down when Dem.-Rep.’s win election

• “We are Republicans, we are all Federalists”

• Continues National Bank and Hamilton’s Plan

• Left many Fed. Officeholders in place…(Above party politics)

• House of Rep’s decided election between Burr-Jeff--- Led to 12th Amendment

Lewis and Clark

• Embargo Act, 1807 disrupted Am. shipping

Other Info.

• “consistently inconsistent”

• Strict view of const. before becoming pres--- actions were “worse” at times

• Constitutional compromise banning international slave trade, begins in 1808

• To avoid war w/ Britain & France during French Revolution:

• Embargo Act- no trade w/world

• Non-intercourse act- trade w/ everyone except Br. & Fr.

• Macon’s Bill No. 2- (Madison)

• Home @ Monticello

• Ex. Of his architectural brilliance

• War in north Africa--- barbury states

• Burr trial…

• Robert Fulton- steamboat 1807

• Orders in council/ Napoleon Berlin decree

• Macon’s Bill No. 2

• War of 1812 – Hawks supported war due to:

- Our broken promise to give loyalist back lands

- GB stays in forts despite treaty of Paris 1783

- Annex Canada

- Britain claims for repayment of loyalist debt

- Defend honor of the USA – stop impressment of US sailors

- Safeguard frontier

- Indian settler conflict

- Tecumseh

• Embargo – non-intercourse – (Macon’s Bill no.2) > leads to war with Britain, not France

• Adams-Onis Treaty – Florida Purchase Treaty 1819 from Spain

- John Quincy Adams secretary of State

• Hartford Convention – 1815 (Federalists from New England proposed war listed of changes to Constitution)

• Beginning of big western migration – post-war…especially south to cotton lands in Virginia “Mississippi Region” defeat of Creeks at Horseshoe Bend Opens up beginning of huge influx in Gulf south for cotton

• Dolly 1st real influential first lady

• D.C. burned to the ground by British

• Jackson becomes hero @ N.O. (after treaty of Ghent) signed ending war

- half man half alligator

• Post-war – nationalism

- American life – Knickerbockers

- Hudson river valley school of art – landscapes

- Noah-Webster > standardizes American language

• Second great awakening…

• 1st American industrial revolution > textile mill workers

Dem-Rep: James Monroe (1817-1825)

• Missouri Compromise 1820? Clay’s 1st compromise, 36’30 line, Maine as free state/Mississippi slave state > BALANCE [*Be Familiar w/ map of US after Act 1820*] (Louisiana Land purchase (Maine))

• Monroe Doctrine (2 parts)? Nonintervention – non colonization of Western Hemisphere; As a warning to European Imperialistic Countries; Europe & West had diff. political systems

• American Colonization Society – Freely Send Former slaves back to Africa “Liberia” – Monroeville (Cap)

• Mexico Encourages “American” settlement of Texas by granting Moses Austin & Sen. Stephen F. Austin; Huge land grants if migrants promise to become Roman Catholic & “Mexicanized”

• 1st Economic panic since Rev. panic of 1819; only POTUS elected after

• Rush-Bagot, 1817? Formalizes us; Canadian Border

• Adams-Onis Treaty? (Fl. Purchase 1815)

• Am. System? Henry Clay

• Oregon Treaty, 1818?

• Era of Good Feelings… One party (Dem. Am) left; Federalists become extinct; Emma Willard Tory Seminary, NY 1st HS for women

Dem-Rep. John Quincy Adams 1825-1829

• Black Tariff or Tariff of abomination, 1828 let to? Nullification crisis in S.C. and Clays Compromise Tariff of 1833 to save it

• Morgan Affair-1826 led to 1st 3rd party in U.S. History, anti-masonic party 1832 election

• Election of 1824- Goes to House “corrupt bargain” election; Jackson gets most votes but… John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay team up in house, JQA wins. Becomes the 1st minority president, Clay is appointed secretary of state.

• Erie Canal opens in 1825. NY State Gov. Dewitt Clinton funds build. Connects great lakes to Hudson River to Atlantic ocean NYC. Ties western agricultural regions to eastern manufacturing dramatically and drops prices of agricultural goods in growing cities.

• Great Triumvirate in U.S. legislature for many years during Antebellum Period. Henry Clay-Kentucky, Daniel Webster-Massachusetts, John C. Calhoun-S.C. [“Exposition and Protest”]

• Samuel Slater, Cumberland-National road

Democrat Andrew Jackson

1829-1837

Why were many people, including Jackson, suspicious of 2nd Bank of the U.S.?

• (Bank users)

• “Pet Banks”-removed deposits from bank of USA

• (Controlled by elite/wealthy)- vetoed by Jackson led to panic of 1837

• Paper $ crashes in value-specie circular

Election of 1828- Jackson wins as hero in war of 1812

“Nullification” crisis- 1832? Overwhat?

• Tariffs in S.C. Force Act

Great Compromiser? (Henry Clay)

• Miss Comp. 1820?

• Null. Comp. 1833?

• Comp of 1850?

Indian Removal Act 1832- Trail of Tears (later)

• John Marshall & US Supreme Court Worchester v. GA 1832

• Ruler in favor of Cherokee- But… Jackson does not support

• “Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it…”

A.J. vetoed Bank Bill party because

• He believed it was controlled by the few wealthy elite and put too much power in the hands of too few people (Nicholas Biddle)

• Denmark vesey

• Webster-Hayne debate

• Comp. Tariff 1833

Jacksonian Democracy-

• Expanded white suffrage… led to reforms?

• Increased political political participation by the “common man” – ending of proper qualification for voting…

• Alexis de Tocquerilles book “Democracy in America” absence of aristocracy allows for rise of American individualism

Texas revolution 1836…

• Alamo, Santa Anna, Goliad, San Jacinto

• Jackson does NOT annex texas into USA for fear of raising the slavery issue… (9 yes) voters

“Spoils system”

Textile mills growth in N.E.

• Boston Associates 1st major corp.

• Young women off farms initial employees

Jackson Changes more- (Democratic Party 1828)

• Whig Party is created in opposition to Jackson

• Beginning of 2nd party system

o End of Era of good feelings

2nd great awakenings Reforms…

• Peter Curtwright

• George Whitefield

• Ed Horaceman

Abolitionism- Garrison

Women- Stanton

Temperance- Neil Dow, Maine

Nat Turner Slave Rebellion- VA. 1831

1st 3rd party- Antimasonic

• Independent Treasury bill, 1840

• 1837 Financial Panic – Began due to Jackson’s Bank wars spices (gold/silver) circle

o all government Bills paid in specie not paper money

• Trail of Tears (5 civilized tribes) moved beyond Mississippi river

• Indian removal act of 1832; 4000-14000 – marched to Indian territory

• Split of Abolitionist; American anti-slavery society

o Due to Garrison’s advocacy of women’s rights

o And pacifism (not wanting to use political measures)

• Amistad Case 1839; Roger Taney Chief Justice

• Mormon – joseph smith

• Dorothea Dix –mental heath

• Oregon Trail

William Henry Harrison/ John Tyler

• Whig- president after 30 days

• Election of 1840- rise of the common man

o “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too”

o All citizens can vote for first time

o Regardless of property ownership…

o So officials have to appeal to “common man”

• Irish German Immigration Huge

• American Temperance Union

• Dorothea Dix

• Oneida Community

• 2nd Great Awakening

• Entire cabinet resigns due to conflict with Tyler’s on anti-American system policies…

• Webster- Ashburn Treaty-Aroostook war

• Texas annexed by joint resolutions “manifest Destiny”- 1845 1st used

• 1841, 1st Jim Crow laws passed in Massachusetts segregates railroad cars

• Mexican-American War at Santa Anna 1846-1848.

• Goal: Gain California from Mexico

• Zachary Taylor General Hero Mexican-American War

• Wilmot Proviso-1946

• Spot Resolutions- Abraham Lincoln (Whig candidate who opposed manifest destiny)

• Texas Annexed by Joint Resolution of Congress & President John Tyler

• Happened after Polk’s victory in the Election of 1844

• “Manifest Destiny”- completed after Mexican-American War and Treaty with Great Britain for 49o borders of Oregon Territory with Britain & Gadsden Purchase-1854

• Henry David Thoreau goes to jail ( Transcendentalist with Emerson) to protest the Mexican-American War

• Writes “Civil Disobedience “ about “Non-violent” protest

• Horace Mann- Education reform- Minimum school year 6 months

• Seneca Falls Conference- 1848

• Declaration of Sentiments

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton/ Lucretia Mott

• Rights for women

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-1848- Ends Mexican-American War

• US gains California and most of the South West

• 3rd Party-1844-Liberty Party (Anti-Slavery)

• Edgar Allan Poe- “Raven” published

Brigham Young leads Mormons west to desert-Utah-1846

Whig-Zachary Taylor / Millard Fillmore 1849-1853

• California gold rush

• Compromise of 1850-

o Parts?

o New fugitive slave law

• Popular sovereignty: Settlers in a territory have the right to decide whether or not to have slavery by vote.

• Kelly – Steel 1851

• Bessemer process 1856 – steel

o Bessemer – Kelley Process

o Carnegie steel

• Nathaniel Hawthorne – Scarlett Letter published 1850

• Southern “Fine Eater” convention in Nashville to discuss secession 1850

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin published 1852

• Harriet Tubman–underground Railroad

• Frederick Douglass – “Northstar”

• 3rd party – Free soil party M.V.B

Franklin Pierce 1853-1857

• Gadsden Purchase 1853 To build Trans-continental Railroad in south

• Kansas – Nebraska act 1854

o Stephen Douglas – Sen. From Illinois “Little Giant”

 Repealed 36-30 line of Missouri compromise 1820

• North Eastern Abolitionists furious

 Popular sovereignty’s purpose? – To move Transcontinental railroad from Intended southern route to the North with Chicago

o Formation of Republican party 1854

 Opposed to Expansion of Slave Territory in the west “Free soil”

• Ostend Manifesto-

o Purchase or take Cuba to make slave state

o Filibustero’s – Slave power Conspiracy

o Commodore Perry to Japan

• Protests in Boston over Fugitive slave law 1854

o Personal Liberty laws

 Passed in several states to protect fugitive slaves

• Whig party collapses over dispute on extension of slavery

• Churches

o Methodists

o Baptists

o Presbyterians

James Buchanon (Old Buck)

1857-1861

Democrat

• Dred Scott Decision 1857

• Panic of 1857- cotton kingdom-cottonocracy

• CSA is created in Alabama, 7 states after election of 1860

• John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry 1859 and subsequent execution… Martyr, founded by “secret six”, abolitionists in New England… attempted to create slave uprising…

• Sumner/Brooks incident in congress 1856

• Invention of Sewing machine combination – 1856 transformed the clothing industry

• Lecompton constitution- sep. 1857

• Crittenden Compromise – 1860-61

• Succession of South Carolina.. Immigration after Lincolns victory in 1860 election..

• Election of 1856… first republican party candidate for president- John C. Fremont

• Know nothing (American) party- Millard Fillmore

• Lincoln- Douglas debates 1858 for Illinois senate seat

• “Freeport Doctrine”

• Comstock lode- silver gold Nevada- 1859

Davis/Lincoln

• Clara Barton – Red Cross

• Economic Legislation passed by Republicans during Civil War included: (No trusts yet)

o Pacific Railway Act, 1862 (TCRR)

o Homestead Act, 1862]

o National Banking System

o First Income Tax (Later ruled unconstitutional)

o High tariffs to protect American industry

• Southern inflation huge 9000%

• 1865 – Sherman’s General Order Number 15

o 40 acres and a mule in FL/SC

• Construction of 1st Transcontinental Railroad was done primarily by immigrants from Ireland (Union Pacific) and China (Central Pacific)

• 1865 Lincolns Assassination – John Wilkes Booth / South suffers

• Civil War Draft policies:

o “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” Why?

• Confiscation Acts

o 1861-1862

• Draft Riots NYC 1865

• Support for Union in Mountainous South

• Abolitionists:

o William Lloyd Garrison – “The Liberator” newspaper

o Frederic Douglas – “The North Star” newspaper

• Immediate purpose of Civil War (Border States to consider)

o 1861 – To save the union

o After 1863 – Free Slaves and Save Union

• Biggest threat to union: British recognition of CSA… Cotton diplomacy

• Monitor vs. Merrimack : First Battle of Ironclads

• Jefferson Davis CSA / Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865

• Gettysburg Address

o November 1863

• Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, Jan First

o Only freed slaves where?

o Strengthened moral cause of union – freed slaves only in CSA not border states

o Allows for US of black troops.

• Forestalled possibility of European invasion and gave Lincoln victory to which he could issue prelim. EP September 1862 go in effect Jan 1st 1863

• Exemptions for Draft

o “Rich man’s war, Poor man’s fight”

o 1863 NYC Draft Riots

• 1861-1863 Disrupted by union army

• 1864 1st Income Tax

o Later rule and consent

o 1st Greenbacks issued.

• 1860 – R`epublican Platform – Abraham Lincoln:

o High tariffs to protect American business

o Government subsidies for TCRR

o Homestead Act ( Free land in West)

o Leave slavery alone where it is but do not expand it west.

• John Bell Constitution – Union

• Stephen Douglas – North Democrat

• John Breckenridge – South Democrat

• Abraham Lincoln – Republican

• Wars:

• Strategies:

o Anaconda Plan, Blockade, Cut South in two, “total war”

• Generals:

o General US Grant, General Robert E Lee, General Sherman (Atlanta)

• “Trent Affair”

o Union pulls CSA Reps off British Ship; almost leads to British going to war with USA; Lincoln returns CSA Reps.

• Secretary of State Seward’s purchase of Alaska 1867

• 10% Plan – 13th Amendment

• Election of 1864 – V McClellan

• Union Part with Johnson

• Various causes of Civil War

o Clash of interests between Agriculture and Industry regions

o States’ rights vs. Fed. Power

o Difference in view of morality and future of slavery

o Agitators and irresponsible politicians.

• Pacific Railway Act, 1862

• Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862

• FT. Sumter – volunteers – Last 4 states secede – Capital moved to Richmond, VA

• Copperheads.

• Peninsula Plan