Appendix F:
Models
and Data
I. Treatment Check
Newbie Treatment Check: Played a PC game in the evening (1 to 5)
Veteran/Elder Treatment Check:
Played game other than AC2 (1 to 5)
I. River City Variables
Internet use for schoolwork (1 to 5)
Internet use for job (1 to 5)
Hours worked at job/week (Open ended)
Socially desirable media use
(Newspaper, TV news, reading books & magazines 3 x 1 to 5)
TV hours/weekday (Mean = 2.87)
Watched sports on TV, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Went out to movies, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Do household chores
General Health (1 to 5)
Happiness (index is 2 to 8)
Depression (13 to 52 index)
Loneliness (6 to 30 index)
Introversion/Extroversion (10 to 100 scale)
Physical Aggression (AQ scale: 9 to 45)
Verbal Aggression (AQ scale: 5 to 25)
Normative Beliefs in Aggression
(NOBAGS) General Scale (8 to 32)
Likelihood of robbery with a weapon (0 to 100)
Likelihood of physical assault (0 to100)
Likelihood of rape (0 to 100)
Likelihood of murder (0 to 100)
Safety feelings, walking alone at night in the suburbs (1 to 7 scale)
Safety feelings, walking alone at night on a campus (1 to 7 scale)
Preference for graphic violence in games
II. Social Capital Variables
Online Bonding (10 to 50)
Offline Bridging (10 to 50)
Offline Bonding (10 to 50)
Bonding item, "Offline, there are several people I trust to help solve my problems" (1 to 5)
Bonding Item, "There is someone offline I can turn to for advice about making very important decisions" (1 to 5)
Bonding item, "There is no one offline that I feel comfortable talking to about intimate personal problems." (reversed) (1 to 5)
Bridging item, "Interacting with people offline makes me feel like part of a larger community." (1 to 5)
Bridging item, "Interacting with people offline makes me feel connected to the bigger picture." (1 to 5)
"People help each other out." (1 to 5)
Hours/week online (non-work)
Internet use for local news (1 to 5)
Internet use to buy or sell (1 to 5)
Internet use to download software (1 to 5)
Internet use to listen to music (1 to 5)
Internet use to listen to get personal help (1 to 5)
Internet use to visit chat rooms
Internet use to keep in touch w/local friends (1 to 5)
Internet use for national/int'l news (1 to 5)
Internet use to alleviate loneliness (1 to 5)
Internet use to meet someone new (1 to 5)
Internet use to keep in touch with someone far away (1 to 5)
Closeness to friends 1-3
Closeness to friends 4-6
Minutes/day communicating with family member #1
Minutes/day communicating with family member #2
Agreement with the statement "Our
family usually eats dinner together" (1 to 5)
Diversity Index (0 to 11)
Neighborhood sense of community (No/Yes, 0/1)
City sense of community (No/Yes, 0/1)
Co-workers/schoolmates sense of community (No/Yes, 0/1)
People online sense of community (No/Yes, 0/1)
Trust in people online (1 to 4)
Social game preference, solo to playing with as many as possible (1 to 7)
Worked for political party, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Attended public meeting, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Attended a club meeting, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Discussed politics, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Played a team sport, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Went to a club, disco, bar or place
of entertainment, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Wrote congressman or senator, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Signed a petition, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Not including weddings and funerals,
how often do you attend religious services? (1 to 5)
Had friends in for the evening, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Went to the home of friends, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Visited relatives, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
Newbie Treatment Check: Played a PC game in the evening (1 to 5)
|
Test among Newbies only: treatment vs. control groups change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.125
|
0.061
|
-2.042
|
0.042
|
|
|
|
|
|
Veteran/Elder Treatment Check:
|
|
|
Played game other than AC2 (1 to 5)
|
|
Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Veterans
|
0.460
|
0.125
|
3.665
|
0.000
|
Elders
|
0.470
|
0.109
|
4.301
|
0.000
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Internet use for schoolwork (1 to 5)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.101
|
0.144
|
0.700
|
0.485
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.120
|
0.046
|
2.582
|
0.010
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
0.080
|
0.069
|
1.200
|
0.231
|
Veterans
|
0.220
|
0.093
|
2.412
|
0.017
|
Elders
|
0.070
|
0.081
|
0.909
|
0.365
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
0.998
|
0.369
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Internet use for job (1 to 5)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.207
|
0.181
|
-1.141
|
0.255
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.060
|
0.056
|
1.026
|
0.305
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
0.020
|
0.087
|
0.279
|
0.780
|
Veterans
|
-0.010
|
0.094
|
-0.152
|
0.879
|
Elders
|
0.160
|
0.107
|
1.487
|
0.139
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
0.840
|
0.433
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Hours worked at job/week (Open ended)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-2.386
|
1.797
|
-1.328
|
0.186
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
1.281
|
0.617
|
2.077
|
0.038
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
0.558
|
0.860
|
0.649
|
0.517
|
Veterans
|
2.127
|
1.494
|
1.424
|
0.157
|
Elders
|
1.466
|
0.931
|
1.575
|
0.117
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
0.554
|
0.575
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Socially desirable media use
|
(Newspaper, TV news, reading books & magazines 3 x 1 to 5)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.019
|
0.107
|
-0.182
|
0.856
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.002
|
0.033
|
0.057
|
0.954
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
-0.014
|
0.051
|
-0.277
|
0.782
|
Veterans
|
0.083
|
0.068
|
1.227
|
0.222
|
Elders
|
-0.049
|
0.058
|
-0.843
|
0.401
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
1.229
|
0.294
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: TV hours/weekday (Mean = 2.87)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.754
|
0.713
|
-1.058
|
0.291
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.340
|
0.155
|
2.207
|
0.028
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
0.370
|
0.234
|
1.579
|
0.116
|
Veterans
|
0.070
|
0.293
|
0.255
|
0.799
|
Elders
|
0.540
|
0.290
|
1.867
|
0.064
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
0.173
|
0.841
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Watched sports on TV, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.082
|
0.072
|
1.163
|
0.246
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.270
|
0.022
|
12.091
|
0.000
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
0.240
|
0.034
|
7.003
|
0.000
|
Veterans
|
0.260
|
0.040
|
6.371
|
0.000
|
Elders
|
0.310
|
0.041
|
7.568
|
0.000
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
0.973
|
0.379
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Went out to movies, previous month (No/Yes, 0/1)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.003
|
0.076
|
-0.027
|
0.979
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.130
|
0.023
|
5.760
|
0.000
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
0.110
|
0.036
|
3.000
|
0.003
|
Veterans
|
0.100
|
0.043
|
2.244
|
0.026
|
Elders
|
0.190
|
0.039
|
4.818
|
0.000
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
1.553
|
0.213
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Do household chores
|
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.056
|
0.074
|
0.754
|
0.452
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.030
|
0.023
|
-1.512
|
0.131
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
-0.010
|
0.035
|
-0.267
|
0.790
|
Veterans
|
-0.050
|
0.048
|
-1.021
|
0.309
|
Elders
|
-0.050
|
0.038
|
-1.446
|
0.150
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
0.424
|
0.655
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: General Health (1 to 5)
|
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.061
|
0.128
|
0.478
|
0.633
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.000
|
0.037
|
-0.053
|
0.958
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
0.030
|
0.061
|
0.473
|
0.636
|
Veterans
|
-0.050
|
0.068
|
-0.741
|
0.460
|
Elders
|
0.000
|
0.064
|
0.000
|
1.000
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
0.373
|
0.689
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Happiness (index is 2 to 8)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.095
|
0.198
|
-0.480
|
0.632
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.029
|
0.062
|
0.463
|
0.644
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
-0.051
|
0.095
|
-0.531
|
0.596
|
Veterans
|
0.146
|
0.115
|
1.268
|
0.207
|
Elders
|
0.026
|
0.115
|
0.226
|
0.821
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
0.833
|
0.435
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Depression (13 to 52 index)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.660
|
0.855
|
-0.772
|
0.441
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
0.142
|
0.235
|
0.604
|
0.546
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
-0.216
|
0.400
|
-0.539
|
0.591
|
Veterans
|
0.619
|
0.459
|
1.347
|
0.181
|
Elders
|
0.177
|
0.361
|
0.490
|
0.625
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
1.021
|
0.361
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable: Loneliness (6 to 30 index)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.315
|
0.483
|
-0.653
|
0.514
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
-0.322
|
0.139
|
-2.305
|
0.022
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
-0.422
|
0.229
|
-1.843
|
0.067
|
Veterans
|
-0.451
|
0.254
|
-1.773
|
0.078
|
Elders
|
-0.081
|
0.243
|
-0.333
|
0.740
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
0.696
|
0.499
|
|
Dependent Variable: Introversion/Extroversion (10 to 100 scale)
|
Test 1: Newbie group, treatment vs. control change scores (independent samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. dif.
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
.2552
|
.582
|
.439
|
0.661
|
Test 2: Pre-test vs. post-test, whole sample (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
.2645
|
0.186
|
1.421
|
0.156
|
Test 3: Pre-test vs. post-test, by subgroup (paired samples T-test)
|
|
Mean dif.
|
S.E. Mean
|
t
|
Sig.
|
Newbies
|
0.0450
|
0.279
|
0.162
|
0.872
|
Veterans
|
1.021
|
0.367
|
2.780
|
0.006
|
Elders
|
-0.1474
|
0.333
|
-.0443
|
0.658
|
Test 4: Between-groups difference test (One-way ANOVA)
|
|
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
3.441
|
0.033
|
|
Veterans Vs. Elders: Between-group test, Tukey HSD
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Difference
|
Sig.
|
|
|
|
-1.1684
|
0.040
|
|
