Adv 1 – Leadership
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Science diplomacy add-onStatus quo marine cooperation is ad hoc and temporary – science diplomacy can be revolutionary, but must be more concrete Tjossem 5, Sara, Senior Lecturer in SIPA’s Master of Public Administration program in Environmental Science and Policy, and the program’s Associate Director of Curriculum, “PICES: Scientific Cooperation in the North Pacific,” http://aquaticcommons.org/169/1/akub05002.pdf Traders, explorers, cartographers, and scientists have shaped our understanding of oceans as vital to the development of coastal states’ security, commerce, and prestige. Beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century, merchant sailing vessels started a systematic effort to exchange observations on the state of the seas on their trade routes. Not until the late nineteenth century, however, did marine science begin to reveal the ocean’s extraordinary complexity. Extensive seagoing expeditions like those of the HMS Challenger of the mid 1870s revealed ever-greater economic and scientific riches from coasts to depths.’ Although these expeditions required tremendous coordinating and marshalling of people and resources to carry out research at sea, the rewards of ocean exploration seemed well worth the costs. By the early twentieth century a growing number of scientists argued that a robust marine science was essential for the rational exploitation of the ocean and its resources. The ocean was both a source of valuable harvestable resources and a path to loftier goals of international exchange and cooperation. Ideally marine science could foster new understanding among nations and reduce world tensions through its international reach. Marine systems challenge scientific study with their vastness, and their complex processes that operate over equally extensive temporal dimensions. Exploring their processes is extremely expensive in ship time and researcher effort, encouraging careful planning for greatest cost-effectiveness. Marine expeditions require tightly coordinated teams of researchers working in cramped quarters on expensive research vessels in unpredictable, often poor, weather conditions. Because controlled experiments are difficult and some times impractical or impossible, marine scientists must at times interpret their observations by relying on natural experiments. For example, because winds cannot be turned on or off at will, studying the nature of coastal current upwelling requires a natural experiment comparing different coasts around the world. Such an undertaking requires cooperative efforts drawing on scores of field observations, which in turn depend on measurements of comparable quality and technique. Methodology and scientific approaches, however, can differ among fields, institutions, and nations. Producing a plausible explanation for large oceanic processes requires synthesis across these realms. Marine science is particularly dependent on effective cooperation among scientists, laboratories, disciplines, institutions, and governments. Although marine scientists have a long tradition of collaboration, it is generally through informal, temporary arrangements for particular projects. These ad hoc ventures by their nature lack continuity as researchers gather together for specific projects and disperse at their end. Scientists working on international projects also face scientific, political, and cultural challenges. Although science has been called a universal language, transcending the limitations of different languages and uniting scientists in a common cause, collaborative research reveals significant variety in scientific goals, styles, and techniques.2 One account of oceanography during the Cold War era has questioned whether, given disparate styles of scientific inquiry and the desire for national prestige, there could ever be a truly international, univer sal scientific community. It suggests the rhetoric of universalism and inter nationalism has been an ideal pursued only from a position of strength.3 A US agency gets modeled internationally – that solves ocean science diplomacy Kearny 3, William Kearney, Director of Media Relations Heather McDonald, Media Relations Assistant Office of News and Public Information, “Major Ocean Exploration Effort Would Reveal Secrets of the Deep,” November 4th, http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10844 WASHINGTON -- A new large-scale, multidisciplinary ocean exploration program would increase the pace of discovery of new species, ecosystems, energy sources, seafloor features, pharmaceutical products, and artifacts, as well as improve understanding of the role oceans play in climate change, says a new congressionally mandated report from the National Academies' National Research Council. Such a program should be run by a nonfederal organization and should encourage international participation, added the committee that wrote the report. Congress, interested in the possibility of an international ocean exploration program, asked the Research Council to examine the feasibility of such an effort. The committee concluded, however, that given the limited resources in many other countries, it would be prudent to begin with a U.S. program that would include foreign representatives and serve as a model for other countries. Once programs are established elsewhere, groups of nations could then collaborate on research and pool their resources under international agreements. "The United States should lead by example," said committee chair John Orcutt, professor of geophysics and deputy director, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. Vast portions of the ocean remain unexplored. In fact, while a dozen men have walked on the moon, just two have traveled to the farthest reaches of the ocean, and only for about 30 minutes each time, the report notes. "The bottom of the ocean is the Earth's least explored frontier, and currently available submersibles -- whether manned, remotely operated, or autonomous -- cannot reach the deepest parts of the sea," said committee vice chair Shirley A. Pomponi, vice president and director of research at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Fla. Nonetheless, recent discoveries of previously unknown species and deep-sea biological and chemical processes have heightened interest in ocean exploration. For example, researchers working off the coast of California revealed how some organisms consume methane seeping through the sea floor, converting it to energy for themselves and leaving hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts. The hydrogen could perhaps someday be harnessed for fuel cells, leaving the carbon dioxide – which contributes to global warming in the atmosphere – in the sea. Likewise, a recent one-month expedition off Australia and New Zealand that explored deep-sea volcanic mountains and abyssal plains collected 100 previously unidentified fish species and up to 300 new species of invertebrates. Most current U.S. funding for ocean research, however, goes to projects that plan to revisit earlier sites or for improving understanding of known processes, rather than to support truly exploratory oceanography, the report says. And because the funding bureaucracy is discipline-based, grants are usually allocated to chemists, biologists, or physical scientists, rather than to teams of researchers representing a variety of scientific fields. A coordinated, international ocean exploration effort is not unprecedented, however; in fact, the International Decade of Ocean Exploration in the 1970s was considered a great success. Prevents global conflict Agre and Pickering 10¸Peter, Nobel Laureate, physician and director of the Malaria Research Institute at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Thomas, served as undersecretary of state from 1997-2000 and chairs the advisory council of the Civilian Research and Development Foundation [“Science diplomacy aids conflict resolution,” Feb 20th, http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/feb/20/science-diplomacy-aids-conflict-reduction/] The talks were emblematic of a promising global trend that features researchers, diplomats and others collaborating on science and, in the process, building closer ties between nations. Even countries with tense government-to-government relations share common challenges in infectious diseases, earthquake engineering, energy production and environmental protection. The White House and Congress have made welcome moves to embrace the potential of science diplomacy, but in the months and years ahead, they will need to exert still more leadership and make sure the effort has the resources needed to succeed. Science diplomacy is hardly a new idea. A 1979 agreement between the United States and China paved the way for bilateral scientific cooperation that has generated vast benefits for both nations, including reduced tensions and billions of dollars in economic activity. U.S. and Soviet nongovernmental organizations contributed to a Cold War thaw through scientific exchanges, with little government support other than travel visas. Now, science diplomacy may help America open a door toward improved relations with Pyongyang, too. Last December, six Americans representing leading scientific organizations sat down with their North Korean counterparts. High-level science delegations from the United States in recent months also have visited Syria, Cuba and Rwanda, not to mention Asian and European nations. America’s scientific and technological accomplishments are admired worldwide, suggesting a valuable way to promote dialogue. A June 2004 Zogby International poll commissioned by the Arab American Institute found that a deeply unfavorable view of the U.S. in many Muslim nations, but a profoundly favorable view of U.S. science and technology. Similarly, Pew polling data from 43 countries shows that favorable views of U.S. science and technology exceed overall views of the United States by an average of 23 points. Within the scientific community, journals routinely publish articles cowritten by scientists from different nations, and scholars convene frequent conferences to extend those ties. Science demands an intellectually honest atmosphere, peer review and a common language for the professional exchange of ideas. Basic values of transparency, vigorous inquiry and respectful debate are all essential. The North Korea visit, organized by the U.S.-Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Science Engagement Consortium, exemplifies the vast potential of science for diplomacy. The U.S. government already has 43 bilateral umbrella science and technology agreements with nations worldwide, and the administration of President Barack Obama is elevating the profile of science engagement. In June, in Cairo, he promised a range of joint science and technology initiatives with Muslim-majority countries. In November, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton appointed three science envoys to foster new partnerships and address common challenges, especially within Muslim-majority countries. In addition to providing resources, the government should quickly and significantly increase the number of H1-B visas being approved for foreign doctors, scientists and engineers. Foreign scientists working or studying in U.S. universities make critical contributions to human welfare and to our economy, and they often become informal goodwill ambassadors for America overseas. Science is a wide-ranging effort that naturally crosses borders, and so scientist-to-scientist collaboration can promote goodwill at the grass roots. San Diego boasts a remarkable initiative at High Tech High charter school. Twice in recent years, biology teacher Jay Vavra has led student teams to Africa to study the illegal trade in meat from wild and endangered animals. Working with game wardens and tribal leaders, they use sophisticated DNA bar coding techniques to analyze the meat and track down poachers. Such efforts advance science while supporting peace and the health of the planet. In an era of complex global challenges, science diplomacy can be crucial to finding solutions both to global problems and to global conflict. Directory: wp-content -> uploads -> 2014 2014 -> For want of a nail 2014 -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 2014 -> Ihbb asian Championships 2014 middle school bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> Ihbb european Championships 2014 Bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> International History Bee and Bowl 2013-14 Asian Division Question Set Bowl Round Six 2014 -> United states patent and trademark office 2014 -> Coffs harbour eisteddfod vocal syllabus 2014 -> Listen News Programs Schedule pledge now 2014 -> Slow club announce third album complete surrender Download 0.59 Mb. Share with your friends:
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