AH2 Review Name
Download 2.31 Mb.
|
Ghettos, areas in which one ethnic or racial group dominated, formed in many urban areas. Immigrants found comfort in living in a community with a familiar language and traditions. C hinese Excluded A quarter million (250,000) Chinese immigrants came to the U.S. to work on the railroads. Chinese immigrants accepted low wages, which made them valuable employees. American labor unions fought to exclude Chinese immigrants from the work force. Congress responded to the demands of labor unions by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. Until 1943, Chinese immigrants were not allowed to move to the United States. U rbanization E xpanding Cities Because of mechanization the need for labor on farms decreased. Between 1880 and 1920, 11 million Americans left their farms and moved to urban areas to seek out better opportunities. H ow Cities Grew In the late 1800s, motorized methods of transportation made commuting easier. Trains, cable cars, electric trolleys, and the automobile (1910) allowed people to live in suburbs and commute into a large city to work. When cities couldn’t expand farther out, they started building up. Engineering advances and the invention of the elevator allowed buildings to stand more than 50 feet tall. In 1885 the first skyscraper was built. It was 10 stories tall. F actory Work In many industries, workers were not paid by the hour, but by how much they produced. This system of piecework meant that the fastest workers earned the most money. Most piecework was performed in sweatshops, where employees worked long hours for low wages in poor conditions. U rban Living Conditions Some factory workers lived in housing specifically built for them by factory owners. Tenements were low-cost apartment buildings housed as many families as the owner could pack in. Poverty, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions were common. Fires were a constant worry. With so many buildings packed togeth- er, a small fire quickly spread. Great Chicago Fire (1871) – 18,000 buildings burned, 250 people died, and 100,000 people left homeless. Dumbbell tenements were created in order to let every room have a window and allow more air flow. The thought was that this would reduce the spread of disease in cities. S ocial Reform T he Social Gospel Movement A social reform movement developed by the churches which provided social services for the poor. The movement focused on ideals of charity and justice and they fought for labor reform. S ettlement Houses Led by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star, young educated women and men would move into a house in the midst of a poor neighbor- hood. They would settle in, and then eventually offer social services. Settlement house founders believed that money alone could not really help the poor. The houses offered cultural events, classes, child care, clubs, camps, job-help, legal help, and health care. What characteristics were vital to the success of industrial leaders of the Gilded Age? How did captains of industry accumulate wealth and power? Should an individual be allowed to accumulate as much wealth as possible? T he Bessemer Process The Bessemer Process made it possible to mass produce steel and remove the imperfections as steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron (which was previously used for building) R obber Barons vs. “Captains of Industry” Both are powerful industrialists who established large businesses in the 1800s Robber Barons implies that someone got their money by stealing from the public – they ruthlessly drove their competitors into the ground. They paid their workers meager wages and live in unhealthy conditions. “Captains of Industry” suggests that the business leaders served their nation in a positive way. It implies that they raised productivity, created jobs, and established museums, libraries, and universities. John D. Rockefeller created the Standar d Oil Company in 1870. His practices may have been questiona- ble at first, but by the time of his death he had given over $500 million dollars to charities. Andrew Carnegie was extremely successful in the steel business. He preached a “ gospel of wealth,” that people should make as much money as they can, but then give it away. More than 80% of Carnegie’s wealth went to some form of education. As with Rockefeller, many people questioned and disapproved of his methods of gaining such wealth. S ocial Darwinism Carnegie suggested that the wealthy were the most valuable group in society. The idea came from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution (natural selection, survival of the fittest). The theory that only the most wealthy and “fit” would succeed was deemed social Darwinism. Most Americans believed that the government shouldn’t interfere with private business and as a result, the government didn’t tax government profit or regulate relations with workers. (When the government does not interfere with business it is known as laissez-faire “hands off” government.) O ligopolies and Monopolies A market dominated by just a few large companies is called an oligopoly (cereal companies, cars, etc.) A monopoly is when a company has complete control over a market or service. A company is so big and pow- erful that it would have driven all competition out. Laws were passed in the late 1800s to prevent certain mo- nopolistic practices. Carnegie Steel became so wealthy and powerful that Car negie decided to buy all of the com- panies that performed all of the phases of steel production, from the mines to the furnaces and mills. He even bought the shipping and rail lines for transport. Gaining control of all aspects of a product’s development is known as vertical integration (consolidation). The Standard Oil Company, owned by Rockefeller, became so large and powerful that it decided to buy all of its competitors’ oil refineries. Bringing together many firms within the same business is called horizontal integration (consolidation). In order to get around monopoly laws when integrating (consolidating) the Standard Oil Company, Rockefeller formed a trust. The trust allowed the companies to come together under a “board of trustees” who controlled operations, but not officially merge (which avoided the laws against a monopoly) In an attempt to limit the control a business could have over an industry, President Benjamin Harrison passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890, outlawing any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce. The act was not successful at first, as it went after labor unions instead of monopolies. M odernization I nventions & Inventors Indoor electric lighting was invented in 1865. (Thomas Edison later invented the light bulb) Oil started being used for power. (Edwin L. Drake discovered oil in PA) Samuel F.B. Morse perfected the telegraph and Morse code which grew with the railroad. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. By 1900, 1.5 million telephones were in use. Typewriter created jobs for women. T he Gilded Age A term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era – “Gilded” means ‘covered with a thin layer of gold’ This was a golden period for America’s industrialists – the term suggests that a thin layer of gold covered the poverty and corruption in society. The wealth of the industries helped to mask the problems faced by immigrants, laborers, and farmers, as well as the abuse of power in business and government. 8 Why social, economic, and political factors led to the need for the formation of labor unions? To what extent were labor unions effective in meeting the political, economic, and social needs of laborers? How effective were labor unions in improving the lives of American workers? W orking Conditions Factory workers were ruled by the clock and discipline was strict. Workers were fined or fired for things such as being late, talking, or not working hard enough. Workplaces were often unsafe. The noise was deafening, lighting and ventilation were poor, workers were often fatigued, and equipment was not dept up with. Child labor: By the end of the 1880s, 20% of children between age 10 and 16 were employed. Children often left school at the age of 12 or 13 to work (more often girls than boys). Children as young as 6 or 7 sometimes worked as well. S ocialism In 1890, 9% of Americans held 75% of the nation’s wealth. Some poor families became interested in the idea of socialism, a philosophy that favors public instead of private property and income. Socialists believe that society, not just private individuals should take charge of a nation’s wealth. Most Americans opposed socialism because it threatened the deeply rooted ideals of private property, free enterprise, and individual liberty. L abor Unions Unions sprung up to organize workers in certain trades, helping them to express their demands, such as better working conditions, increased wages, and shorter working hours. In 1869 The Knights of Labor formed to organize all working men and women (black & white). The Knights were able to pursue broad social reforms such as equal pay for equal work, an 8 hour workday, and an end to child labor. They often formed strikes to assert their demands. The American Federation of Labor, a craft union, formed (by Samuel Gompers) allowing in only skilled workers devoted to a specific craft. The AFL attempted to force employers to participate in collective bargaining, a process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers. Workers act- ing as a group had more power than a single worker acting alone. Most employers disliked unions and attempted to take measures to stop unions by: Forbidding union meetings Firing union organizers Forcing “yellow dog contracts” – workers promised never to join a union or go on strike Prohibiting collective bargaining V iolent Strikes Rock the Nation The Great Railroad Strike (1877) Railway workers began to strike 1877 when the B&O Railroad announced a wage cut of 10%. They clashed with the local militia and violence spread from West Virginia to Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and other cities. Haymarket Riot (1886): A group of wor kers started a national demonstration demanding an 8 hour workday. Police had to break up a fight between strikers and scabs (workers who came in to replace strikers). A bomb was thrown and a police officer died. Unionists and anarchists (radicals who oppose all government) who participated in the riot became heroes to many union workers. Homestead (1892): Andrew Carnegie’s partner Henry Frick attempted to cut the wages of workers at Carnegie Steel. The steel union called a strike and one anarchist attempted to assassinate Frick. The public saw this as too much violence and stopped supporting the unionists. Pullman (1894): After the Panic of 1893, George Pullman (inventor of the Pullman sleeper railroad car) decided to lay off workers and cut pay by 25%. The American Railway Union (led by Eugene V. Debs) went on strike, and instead of bargaining, Pullman shut down his factory. By 1894 260,000 workers had joined the strike. The strike ended when president Grover Cleveland sent in 2,500 troops to regulate the union strikers. How did the government’s role in economic and political affairs change during this era? To what extent did industrialization affect the relationships between government, business, and the worker? How did technological advancement affect industrialization and the role of the government? To what extent was the government’s changing role necessary and positive in this era? R esults of City Growth – The Rise of the Political Machine Clashing interests between different community groups (the middle/upper class, immigrants, migrants from the countryside, workers, etc) led to the rise of the political machine. A political machine was an unofficial organization set up to keep a particular group in power Political machines were run by a “boss” and worked through an exchange of favors. Jobs were given out to citizens in exchange for votes for the machines political candidates. William Marcy “Boss” Tweed was one of the most notorious bosses in NYC. Boss Tweed and his associates once got access to the city’s treasury and illegally used the money for construction projects and then kept some for themselves. Thomas Nast, a famous political cartoonist, helped bring Tweed down by exposing him to the public through political cartoons depicting Tweed as a thief and a dictator. Tweed’s follow- ers were often uneducated and could not read, but they were able to understand Nast’s cartoons. T he Business of Politics In the late 1800s, businesses operated largely without regulation. This laissez-faire (hands-off) approach is supported by the belief that if the government doesn’t interfere then the strongest businesses will succeed, bringing success to the nation as a whole. In the Credit Mobilier scandal, stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad Company created a construction company called Credit Mobilier. They gave the construction company a contract to build the Union Pacific’s railroad tracks at 2-3 times the price it would actually cost. The government was paying for the Union Pacific’s construction with grants and loans – so the stockholders ended up pocketing $23 million dollars. Whiskey Ring Scandal – IRS collectors and other officials accepted bribes from whiskey distillers who wanted to avoid paying taxes on their product, which lost the federal government millions of dollars. C ivil Service Reforms Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president (1877) and refused to follow the spoils system. Instead he appointed qualified leaders to the Cabinet and fired employees who were not needed. James A. Garfield was elected president in 1880, but his term was cut short when he was murdered by a lawyer who was expecting a job from Garfield. The murder caused an outcry against the spoils system. After Garfield’s death, Vice President Chester Arthur became president and passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act, which created a Civil Service Commission. This classified government jobs and tested applicants’ fitness for them with a merit exam. The Pendleton Civil Service Act therefore ended the spoils system (as Jackson had created.) 9 – The Progressive Movement
Directions Fill in each section of the chart with knowledge of the problems of industrialization and the Progressive Era. 
– THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES (1890-1914) – Explain the conditions that led to the rise of Progressivism – Economic and political gains in the Progressive Period. How did the political, economic, and social conditions of the Gilded Age lead to the Progressive Era? 12 How did scientific and technological advances create a mass consumer culture? To what extent did an emerging mass consumer culture define what it means to be an American? What tactics were most effective in bringing about the social, economic, and political reforms of the Progressive Era? H ow did conditions of the Gilded Age lead to the Progressive Era? P olitical Conditions Many new reform movements were an outgrowth of earlier reform movements, such as the Populists. Political corruption and grafts kept public services (pure water, schools, health care) inad- equate. S ocial Conditions Many new reform movements sprung up in the Northeast and Midwest. They had their roots in movements such as nativism, prohibition, purity, charity, social gospel, and settlement houses. Reformers were reacting to rapid industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. E conomic Conditions Industrial workers were over-worked yet underpaid. Many progressives argued that charity would not be enough to improve the lives of industrial workers. F our Goals of Progressivism Reformers never completely agreed on problems or solutions, though their progressive efforts shared at least one of the following goals: P rotecting Social Welfare - to soften some of the harsh conditions of industrialization. Florence Kelley- advocate for improving the lives of women and children. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – 146 young girls were killed when a fire broke out in the building they were working in. The disaster pushed people to demand reform of working conditions. Pure Food and Drug Act- 1906 halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling. P romoting Moral Improvement - some reformers felt morality, not the workplace, held the key to improving the lives of poor people. Prohibition - banning alcoholic beverages to cure society's problems (temperance movement). Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led the crusade for Prohibition, members advanced their cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol. Carrie Nation played a large role in this movement. C reating Economic Reforms Muckrakers- journalist who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines during the 20th century. Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle exposing the harsh treatment of workers in the meatpack- ing industry. Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives hoping to gain support in the reform of tene- ment houses. Lincoln Steffens uncovered political corruption in St. Louis and other cities. Ida Tarbell wrote the book The History of the Standard Oil Company in which she investi- gated and revealed the abuses committed by the Standard oil trust. F ostering Efficiency- many progressive leaders put their faith in experts and scientific principles to make society and the workplace more efficient. (Focused on research) Scientific Management- studies to see just how quick each task could be performed. Introduction of the assembly line caused a high worker turnover rate, often due to injuries by fatigue workers. How effective was the Progressive Movement in addressing the political, economic, and social needs of all Americans? To what extent did progressive reforms successfully combat the social and economic ills created by a rapidly industrializing society? How successful were the Progressive Era Presidents in leading reform efforts? Progressives thought that government should increase their responsibility for the well-being of people, which would require more social welfare programs. R eform at the Municipal (City) Level Settlement houses such as Jane Addam’s Hull House were built to improve urban slums/ghettos. Some mayors led movements for city-supported welfare services which provided things like public baths, parks, work-relief programs, playgrounds, free kindergartens, lodging for homeless. R eform at the State Level Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business. He made the railroad industry, a major target. He also instituted a direct primary in which people voted on nominees for upcoming elections. Initiatives, a process in which citizens can propose a new law to go directly on the ballot, referendums, which allowed citizens to approve or reject a law passed by the legisla- ture, and recall procedures, which permitted voters to remove public officials from office, were also instituted in many states. R eform at the Federal Level The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was enforced strongly by the Roosevelt administration The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) banned interstate shipping of impure food and misla- beling food 16th Amendment (1913) Allowed the federal government to collect income taxes. 17th Amendment (1913) Direct election of senators. Before this, each states’ legislature chose its own US Senator. Federal Reserve Act (1913) Created the Federal Reserve System of banks to supervise private banks and ensure a flexible money supply. 18th Amendment (Volstead Act) (1919) Banned the production, sale, or import of alco- hol (prohibition) 19th Amendment (1920) Granted women full suffrage (the r ight to vote) T heodore Roosevelt After the Spanish-American War he became the Governor of NY, then vice president, and then after the assassination of McKinley, he became the youngest president at the age of 42. He saw presidency as a "bully pulpit”=he could influence the news and media and shape legislation. If big business victimized workers, then he would make sure that the common people received a Square Deal - his program of progressive reforms designed to protect people from big businesses. Roosevelt's real goal was federal regulation of railroads Congress passed Elkins Act (1903), Made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads. Progressivism as Taft Becomes 27th President Progressive Movement- in early 20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct the injustices of American life. William Howard Taft- handpicked by Roosevelt ran for president in 1908 against William Jennings Bryan. Taft had campaigned on a platform of lowering tariffs. Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) passed by Taft=a set of tax regulations. It failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods-increasing many rates. This angered progressives who believed Taft had abandoned progressivism. T he Republican Party Splits Taft's actions made it impossible to hold together the two wings of the Republican Party. (Progressives want change and Conservatives did not) Problems within the Republican Party = mass defeat in 1912 & helped Democrats gain control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 18 years. Bull Moose Party AKA Progressive party (another 3rd-party) led by Theodore Roosevelt. Platform: direct election of senators and adoption in all states of the initiative, referendum, and recall. Advocated women's suffrage, workmen's comp, 8 hour workday, minimum wage for women, federal law against child labor, and the federal trade commission to regulate businesses. D emocrats Win in 1912 Woodrow Wilson- Democrat reformer and NJ governor. Wilson only captured 42% of popular vote, he won overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in Congress. He endorsed a progressive platform, called the New Freedom, which demanded even stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs. W ilson Financial Reformsè Antitrust Measures Trust - a corporation made up of many companies that receive certificates entitling them to dividends on profits earned. Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) - strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act 1890. It intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade. It prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly. Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) - set up the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) This “watchdog” agency was given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from corporations, and to put an end to a number of unfair business practices. - Effects of racial segregation on United States’ society. To what extent were the social, political, and economic standing of African Americans positively affected by progressive efforts? What did it mean to be black in America at the turn of the century? Why did multiple perspectives develop for addressing racial injustice during the Progressive Era? De jure segregation - racial separation (segregation) created by the law De facto segregation - when segregation is a result of custom and culture, it is a fact, but not a law R oosevelt and Civil Rights Roosevelt failed to support civil rights of African-Americans, although, he did support of few individual African-Americans. Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to White House (symbolic gesture) Washington respected by powerful whites, but faced opposition from African-Americans like W.E.B. DuBois, for his accommodation of segregationists and for blaming black poverty on blacks - urging them to accept discrimination. At a Niagara Falls convention in 1909, Du Bois and others founded the NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. R estrictions on Civil Rights Plessy v Ferguson(1896) – Supreme Court case saying segregation was permissible if facilities were equal. (Separate but equal) Wilmington race riot (1898) Jim Crow Laws – laws requiring segregation. Disenfranchisement – Keeping African Americans from voting. Literacy Tests – reading tests designed to keep African Americans from voting. Poll Taxes – a fee that people must pay before being permitted to vote. Grandfather Clauses – Laws exempting men from certain voting restrictions if they had already voted or if they had ancestors who had voted prior to blacks being granted suffrage. Great Migration – Many African Americans moved north after Reconstruction, when civil rights became restricted. - Impact of technological changes on economic, social, and cultural life What was the economic and social impact of the technological changes of the Progressive Era? How was American culture redefined during the Progressive Era? Does society cause government to change or does government cause society to change? Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 2.31 Mb. Share with your friends:
|