Allophones of the English phonemes 1 Allophones of /p
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- 5.3.10. Allophones of /n/
- 5.3.11. Allophones of /ŋ/
- 5.3.12. Allophones of /l/
5.3.9. Allophones of /m/1. Labiodental / ɱ /. /m/ is realized as a labiodental nasal /ɱ/ when it is immediately followed by the labiodental / f, v / as in comfort, nymph, come first, same vest, circumvent.2. Partially devoiced /m/. /m/ is partially devoiced when /s/ precedes it as in small, smooth, science master.3. Syllabic /ֽm/ becomes syllabic in words such as prism and rhythm if the vowel /ə/ ordinarily occurring in their second syllables is dropped.5.3.10. Allophones of /n/1. Labiodental / ɱ /. / n / is realized as a labiodental nasal /ɱ/ when it is immediately followed by the labiodental / f, v / as in infant, inform, in view, invite. Such labiodental realization is the same as the labiodental realization of /m/.2. Dental /n/. When followed by / ð, Ɵ/, [n] is realized as a dental nasal as in month, tenth, on them.3. Partially devoiced /n/. /n/ is partially devoiced when /s/ precedes it as in snooker, snake, snack, snail.4. Syllabic /ֽn/ becomes syllabic in words such as prison and button if the vowel /ə/ ordinarily occurring in their second syllables is dropped.5.3.11. Allophones of /ŋ/There are no allophonic variants of /ŋ/.OCCURRENCE: /ŋ/ does not occur in the word-initial position. Besides, it occurs only after the short vowels /ɪ, æ, ɒ, ʌ / e.g. sing, sang, song, sung.5.3.12. Allophones of /l/Two chief allophones of /l/ are the clear [l] and the dark [ł ]1. clear [l] is realized when the lateral is followed by a vowel or the semi-vowel / j / as in lean, let, lose, flute, ply, billion, lure.2. Dark [ł ] is used whenever the lateral is not followed by a vowel, i.e. word-finally as in heal, hell, call, and before consonants other than / j / as in health, helm, milk, called.3. Dental [ l ̪ ], /l/ is realized as a dental alveolar when it is followed by the dental fricative /Ɵ/ as in health, wealthy, stealth.4. Voiceless /l/. /l/ is realized as a dental alveolar when it is preceded by aspirated /p, k/ e.g. in play, apply, climb, decline.Note: (/ t / cannot occur before /l/ in a syllable-initial or word-initial position.)5. Partially devoiced /l/. /l/ becomes partially devoiced when it is preceded by an unaspirated / p, k / or by / s, f, ʃ, Ɵ /, as in placenta, plantation, droplet, clandestine, climatic, uncle, slate, flee, fleshless, ruthless.6. Syllabic [ֽl ]. /l/ becomes syllabic in words such as bottle, kettle, settle, shackle. Syllabic /l/ is always a dark [ł ]. 5.3.13. Allophones of /f/ No important allophonic variants of / f / occur except in respect of the position of the lips, which depends on the lip position required by an adjacent vowel. 5.3.14. Allophones of / v / 1. Partially devoiced / v /. / v / is only partially voiced when it occurs initially (i.e. after silence) as vain, vine, verse. 2. Devoiced /v/. /v/ may be completely devoiced when it occurs finally (i.e. before silence) as in leave, prove, calve. 5.3.15. Allophones of / Ɵ / No important allophonic variants of / Ɵ / occur except in respect of the position of the lips, which depends on the lip position required by an adjacent vowel. 5.3.16. Allophones of / ð / 1. Partially voiced /ð/. /ð/ is only partially voiced when it occurs initially as therefore, then, though. 2. Devoiced /ð/. /ð/ may be completely devoiced when it occurs finally as in bathe, wreathe, bequeath. 5.3.17. Allophones of /s/ No important allophonic variants of /s/ occur except in respect of the position of the l ips, which depends on the lip position required by an adjacent vowel. 5.3.18. Allophones of /z/ 1. Partially voiced /z/. /z/ is only partially voiced when it occurs initially as in zinc, zebra, zoo 2. Devoiced /z/. /z/ may be completely devoiced when it occurs finally as in boys, lose, airlines. 5.3.19. Allophones of /ʃ/ No allophonic variants of /ʃ/ 5.3.20. Allophones of /Ʒ/ 1. Devoiced /Ʒ/. /Ʒ/ may be devoiced when it occurs finally as prestige, barrage, beige. OCCURRENCE: /Ʒ/ does not occur initially except in genre / Ʒ ã:r/, a French loan word sometimes used in English studies. 5.3.21. Allophones of /h/ 1. Voiced /h/. Between voiced sounds, /h/ is realized as a voiced glottal fricative as in behind, behave, aha. OCCURRENCE: /h/ occurs in syllable-initial positions only. It does not occur in any consonant clusters, i.e. in groups of two or more consonants without any vowel (s) between them. 5.3.22. Allophones of /r/: Postalveolar fricative 1. Voiced postalveolar fricative [ɹ ]. / r / is realized as a voiced post-alveolar fricative when it is preceded by /d/ as dry, drain, drift, bedroom, good rain. 2. Partially devoiced postalveolar. [ɹ ] becomes a partially devoiced post-alveolar fricative when it is preceded by voiceless consonants other than the aspirated /p,t k/ and /Ɵ/, e.g. in free, shrimp, apron, spring, strong, screw. 3. Devoiced postalveolar fricative [ɹ ]. /r/ becomes a devoiced postalveolar fricative when it is preceded by an aspirated /p, t, k/ and /Ɵ/,e.g. in print, apprise, tree, betray, crowd, decry. 5.3.23. Allophones of /r/: Alveolar tap 1. Voiced alveolar tap [ɾ ]. /r/ is realized as a voiced alveolar tap when it occurs between two vowels as in bury, merry, sharing, sure enough; and after /ð/ as in with respect. 2. Devoiced postalveolar fricative [ɹ ]. /r/ becomes a devoiced postalveolar fricative when it is preceded by an aspirated /p, t, k/ and /Ɵ/,e.g. in print, apprise, tree, betray, crowd, decry. 5.3.24. Allophones of /w/ 1. Devoiced [w ]. After aspirated /t, k/, /w/ is devoiced as in twice, tweed, quite, queen. (/w/ does not occur after /p/.) The devoiced /w/ becomes a voiceless labio-velar fricative. 2. Partially devoiced [w ] after unaspirated / t, k / and other voiceless consonants, /w/ is partially devoiced as in at once, squeeze, thwart, sweet. 5.3.25. Allophones of /j/ 1. Voiceless palatal fricative /j/. /j/ is realized as a voiceless palatal fricative when it is preceded by aspirated, /p, t, k/ and /h/, and followed by /u:, ʊə/ as in pupil, tube, cute, huge, pure, cure. 2. Partially devoiced /j/. /j/ is partially devoiced when it is preceded by unaspirated /p, t, k/ as in spurious, stew, skew. OCCURRENCE: Like /w/, /j/ too does not occur word-finally. Also, it does not occur after the following: / ʧ, ʤ ,r/. The words chew, juice, rule are pronounced /ʧu:/, /ʤu:s/, ru:l/. /l/ preceded by a consonant. For example, blue /b lu:/ flew /flu:/, /glu:/. But when / l / is preceded by an accented vowel. / j / regularly occurs as in failure /feiljə/, value /vælju:/. الى هنا riteria for allophones: In grouping phones together into phonemes, three criteria are used by the phonologists: complementary distribution, phonetic similarity and free variation. a. Complementary distribution This criterion states that if two phones occur in non-identical environments, then they may be members of the same phoneme. Two phones in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme, i.e., if they can never appear in the same environment, they obviously can’t contrast; the prime situation for contrast is parallel situation, e.g., the initials of cat, tat, pat. Thus [k] and [kʰ] are allophones of the same phoneme, as they can’t contrast and they can’t appear in parallel situation. b. Phonetic similarity But [h] and [ŋ] appear in complementary distribution in English: [h] only before a vowel and [ŋ] only after a vowel as in hang. Do we say then that [h] and [ŋ] are allophones of the same phoneme? Thus, we introduce a further criterion: to qualify as allophones of one phoneme, two phones must be not only in complementary distribution, they must be phonetically similar i.e. the two phones should belong to the same phonological unit. c. Free variation This criterion states that if two phones occur in the same environment, but without changing the word in which they occur, then they may belong to the same phoneme. Thus, the word bid is sometimes articulated with a fully voiced final alveolar consonant [d] and sometimes with devoiced (voiceless) [d]. But whichever phone is used, the word remains the same. These two phones are in free variation i.e. whichever is used by speakers the word meaning does not change.
The meaning of the symbols used in the rules = is realized as / = in the environment of ــــــــــــ =the environment where the change in pronunciation takes place -σ = syllable initial σ - = syllable final ================================================= 1. [+stop ] = all plosive sounds / p, t, k, b, d, g/ 2.  = [b, d, g]
3. [+nasal] = [n, m, ŋ ] 4.  [+ asp] / when syllable initial. e.g. part, tea, key
[+ asp] / ______ -ˈσ.
[+ asp] /-σ
5.  partially voiced when syllable final except when followed by a voiced sound.
e.g. try to improve, add two. Obstruent (obs) means stops, fricatives and affricates  [₀cְ ] / ــــــــــــ σ – except / + [+vd]
6.  partially voiced when syllable initial except when preceded by a voiced sound.
e.g. dark, bark, / break, dream, glue [₀c ְ] / ــــــــــــ - σ except / [+vd] +
7. [+approx] [- vd] after  e.g. twin, cue
8. [- asp] after / s / at the beginning of a syllable. e.g. spew, stew, skew
[- asp] after / s / ــــــــــــ - σ
9. [ + vowel] shorter before voiceless sounds in the same syllable. e.g. bit, park, [ + vowel] [ă]/ ـــــــــــ 
10.[+stop] unexploded before [+ stop] e.g. apt, act [+stop] [c̚ ] ـــــــــــ [+ stop] 12.  [ glottal stop ] + when after a vowel and at the end of a syllable.
e.g. tip, pit, kick are pronounced [ tiʔp], [piʔp], [kiʔk] respectively [ glottal stop ] + /ـــــــــــ[+vowel] σ -
13.  [ glottal stop] when it occurs before a nasal in the same word. e.g. beaten
[ glottal stop] / ـــــــــــ [+nasal].
14. [+nasal ] [+syl ] when preceded by a schwa and the schwa is preceded by [+ obs ] e.g. leaden, chasm [+nasal ] [+syl ] / [+obs] [ə] ـــــــــــ. 15. [ + lateral ] [ + syl ] when preceded by a schwa and the schwa is preceded by [+obs] e.g. paddle, whistle,kennel, channel [+lateral ] [+syl ] / [+obs] [ə] ـــــــــــ. 16. [+ liquid ] [+ syl] when preceded by a schwa and the schwa is preceded by [ + obs ] (AE). Liquid = cover term for the consonants / l, ɹ / e.g. sabre, razor, tailor 17.  when between a stressed vowel and an unstressed syllable.
e.g. fatty, data, metal, little / [ˈV] ـــــــــــ
18. [+ alveolar ] [ + dental ] before [ + dental ] e.g. sixth, eighth, tenth, wealth [+ alveolar ] [ + dental ] / ـــــــــــ [+ dental ] 19. [+ velar] more front before more front vowels. e.g. cap, kept, kit, key, gap, get, give, geese [+ velar] [+k ] / 
20. [+ lateral] velarized when after a vowel and before another consonant or the end of a word e.g. life, file, clap, talc [+ lateral] [ł] / [+vowel] ـــــــــــ [+cons] [+ lateral] [ł] / [+vowel] ـــــــــــ . 21. [ + vowel ] longer in open syllables. e.g. sea, sigh [ + vowel ] [v:]/ ـــــــــــ σ - 22. [+ vowel] longer in stressed syllables. e.g. compare speed, speedy, speedily [ + vowel] [v:]/ ˈσ ــــــــــ 23. [+ vowel ] [ nasal ] before [ + nasal ]. e.g. ban, might [+ vowel ] [ nasal ] / ــــــــــ [+nasal ] 24. [ retracted] before syllable final / l /. e.g. hole
[ ⊻] / ــــــــــ σ - l
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