Aquaculture Affirmative fyi

Prefer our interpretation- it’s key to aff innovation and federally-sponsored plans like ours that are the core of the topic while still allowing key negative ground

No ground loss- we won’t sever links and we still advocate massive federal investment, which guarantees all core negative ground like spending and Politics DAs and alternate actor CPs

Their interpretation is bad- our 1AC Pittenger card says aquaculture is impossible without federal clarity and permits, which means no aquaculture aff would solve- it’s a core part of the topic since it deals with the entire seafood industry

Other words in the resolution like “substantial” check abuse and guarantee links

Reasonability- good is good enough, competing interpretations cause a race to the bottom when the neg constantly shifts the goalposts and distracts from topic education

Potential abuse isn’t a voter- don’t punish us for what we didn’t do

2AC- T- “Ocean development”

We meet- aquaculture is ocean development

Ogden ’09 [John C. Ogden, Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University, “Our oceans need order, not unregulated aquaculture,” http://www.al.com/opinion/press-register/insight.ssf?/base/opinion/1232878580174400.xml&coll=3]
This month, the Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council will take final action on a draft plan for permitting open-ocean aquaculture in the Gulf. This should raise serious concern for all Americans — and not just those along the Gulf Coast or seafood lovers. It represents the first step in the largest industrial development of America's federally managed oceans since 1953. The Gulf Council's plan epitomizes what is wrong with fisheries management in the United States. The regional fishery councils have long been dominated by commercial fishing interests who ignore, at will, science in favor of continued exploitation of threatened stocks. In this tradition, the Gulf Council has proceeded helter-skelter in developing its aquaculture plan, against skepticism from scientists and objections from a broad array of recreational and commercial fishing interests, conservation organizations, and a broad swath of private citizens. Let's make one thing clear: Open ocean aquaculture is not fishing. It is a major industry, akin to factory farming on land, with many well-known environmental impacts and numerous potential unintended consequences. Large-scale aquaculture operations overseas have been responsible for the introduction of non-native fish, altered genetics of local fish stocks, the spread of disease, and pollution from excess feed and drug applications. The Gulf Council makes dubious claims that aquaculture will relieve the relentless pressure on already stressed fisheries in the Gulf, assist in the rebuilding of over-fished stocks and improve fishing. But this assertion is based much more on wishful thinking and hoped-for results than scientific fact and analysis. To survive and to prosper, we must make good use of the ocean, but we must not use it up. In its landmark 2004 report to President Bush, the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy made comprehensive recommendations which recognized the potential damage of free-for-all industrial development in the nation's coastal ocean. Key among these was the recommendation that ocean development should be preceded by planning that takes into account all the potential uses of the ocean, including offshore aquaculture.

Counter-interpretation- “ocean development” includes utilizing resources like fish

JIN ‘98 [Japan Institute of Navigation, http://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htm]
What is ocean development? Professor Kiyomitsu Fujii of the University of ¶ Tokyo defines ocean development in his book as using oceans for mankind, while ¶ preserving the beauty of nature. In the light of its significance and meaning, ¶ the term "Ocean Development" is not necessarily a new term. Ocean development is broadly classified into three aspects: (1) Utilization of ocean resources, ¶ (2) Utilization of ocean spaces, and (3) Utilization of ocean energy. ¶ Among these, development of marine resources has long been established as fishery science and technology, and shipping, naval architecture and port/harbour ¶ construction are covered by the category of using ocean spaces, which have grown into industries in Japan. When the Committee initiated its activities, however,¶ the real concept that caught attention was a new type of ocean development, ¶ which was outside the coverage that conventional terms had implied.

2AC Environment DA

Extend the Troell evidence- IMTA is environmentally friendly and conforms to strict safety standards- it’s safer than all other practices

Oceans are dying now- new sustainable efforts are key

IPSO ‘13 [International Programme on the State of the Ocean, an internationally-combined set of research papers on the state of the world’s oceans, “Introduction to the special issue: The global state of the ocean; interactions between stresses, impacts and some potential solutions. Synthesis papers from the

International Programme on the State of the Ocean 2011 and 2012 workshops,” http://www.stateoftheocean.org/pdfs/IPSO-Papers-Combined-15.1.14.pdf]

The problem of overexploitation of marine ecosystems is addressed¶ in Pitcher and Cheung. They point out that despite recent¶ analyses that have claimed that fisheries ‘‘have turned the corner’’(e.g. Worm and Branch, 2012), consideration of fisheries globally¶ suggests otherwise. Overexploitation and depletion of fish stocks is continuing (e.g. Costello et al., 2012; Watson et al., 2012) and together¶ with other human impacts such as ocean warming, acidification¶ and pollution pose a major threat to an important source of¶ human food security and economic activity. Overfishing and destructive fishing practices are also a significant threat to marine biodiversity and ecosystem structure and to date represent the most important cause of extinction and decline in marine ecosystems (e.g. Dulvy et al., 2003). The root cause of these problems are described and clearly lie within inadequate management of fisheries, particularly in the developing world, the very place where climate change impacts are likely to be greatest. Pitcher¶ and Cheung put forward the argument that rather than aiming¶ for the gold standard of full stock assessment alternative methods¶ are required that are less data intensive but which can be employed¶ in parts of the world and in States where the infrastructure¶ and finances do not exist for comprehensive fisheries science. Approaches¶ using MSY coupled with a resilience parameter for the¶ species in question can be effective (e.g. Froese and Martell,¶ 2012). Protection of biodiversity can be achieved through application of ecosystem-based management principles aimed at maintaining not only target fish stocks but also other speciesdependent on those same stocks and on the ecosystems within¶ which they occur. Such approaches include the use of marine protected¶ areas which have been repeatedly shown to enhance the¶ abundance, biomass and diversity of ecosystems as a result of protection¶ from fishing, as well as a wider range of benefits both for¶ humankind and for nature (Angulo-Valdés and Hatcher, 2010;¶ Fox et al., 2012).

Extend our Smith evidence- the plan solves overfishing by restoring key fish populations

Overfishing is the root cause of ocean decline- it’s increasing now

Rader 2-26-14 [Douglas, Environmental Defense Fund's chief ocean scientist, “Trending: Concern for ocean health and the resources to help,” http://www.edf.org/blog/2014/02/26/trending-concern-ocean-health-and-resources-help]
While great strides have been made in the eight years since the study was written, overall oceans' health continues to decline. Globally, nearly two-thirds of fisheries are in trouble with pollution, overfishing, and habitat loss all continuing to pose a very real threat to oceans and their resilience in the face of new threats, including climate change and ocean acidification.¶ Overfishing: The root cause of oceans decline¶ During our talk, Dr. Worm and I discussed these issues and took a deeper dive into the root cause of oceans decline—overfishing. The world’s population is rising steadily and is estimated to reach about 8 billion people by 2024 and 9 billion by 2040. As the population increases, so too does the world’s appetite for seafood. As a result, fish are taken out of the ocean faster than they can reproduce. This can cause obvious problems up to and including extinction of especially vulnerable species (thus the catchy but grim headline on the HuffPo story, “Scientists Predict Salt-Water Fish Extinction”).¶ Frankly, extinction is not the biggest problem. Overfishing reduces the abundance of vulnerable species, but it also alters ecosystem structure and function, as other species react to the reduced abundance through what ecologists call “ecological cascades.” Valuable large fish that help maintain stable ocean ecosystems can be replaced by more opportunistic, “weedy” species. Under severe fishing pressure, the ability of marine food webs to sustain themselves can be compromised – a real problem with the challenges that lie ahead from climate change.¶ When our oceans suffer, we do too. Overfishing affects the three billion people around the world who rely on seafood as a source of protein and millions more that depend on healthy fisheries for their livelihoods. Furthermore, poor management costs the world’s fisheries $50 billion annually.

Aquaculture management is improving- IMTA solves

Diana et al ’13 [James S. Diana, Professor of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Research Scientist, Center for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences, UM, Chairman, Resource Ecology and Management Concentration, SNRE, Hillary S. Egna, Research Center Director at Oregon State University and Director of the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program, Dr. Thierry Chopin, Scientific Director at the Canadian Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Network, “Responsible Aquaculture in 2050: Valuing Local Conditions and Human Innovations Will Be Key to Success,” BioScience 63: 255–262, http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/4/255.full.pdf]
Many of the environmental impacts of aquaculture are being effectively addressed by improvements in management For example, the reliance on fish meal in feeds has been reduced to 15% for many carnivorous species by replacement ¶ with plant-based proteins or other feed sources (Naylor et al. ¶ 2009)—a change made in response to environmental and ¶ economic concerns. Biomitigative approaches, such as IMTA, have been developed to deal with the environmental burden of intensive cage culture. IMTA is based on cocultivating in ¶ proximity organisms selected purposely at different trophic levels for their complementary ecosystem functions and services (Chopin et al. 2008). The cocultured organisms produce additional valuable crops and remove nutrients and materials wasted from aquaculture using intensive feeding.¶ LCAs provide a quantitative means of comparing energy ¶ and material efficiency and of determining the environmental impacts of food production systems. LCAs on aquaculture systems have shown that the farming phase is ¶ more important than the hatchery, processing, or transportation phases in terms of energy use and most pollution burdens (Cao et al. 2013). For marine shrimp, semi-intensive ¶ production in China reduces acidification, eutrophication ¶ potential, greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, and biotic resource use by 50% relative to intensive systems for each ¶ ton of production (Cao et al. 2011).

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