Arkansas Tech University The Culture Wars & Political Polarization in Perspective


Appendix H: Collapsed Categories for Open-Ended Responses



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Appendix H: Collapsed Categories for Open-Ended Responses

QUESTION: What do you think are the most important problems facing this country?



VALUES

CATEGORIES

1

AGRICULTURAL

2


ECONOMICS; BUSINESS; CONSUMER ISSUES

(includes foreign investment, tariffs/protection of

U.S. industries, international trade deficit/balance

of payments, immigration, interstate commerce/transportation; does not

include unemployment [09], defense spending [03], foreign [03] or government spending on domestic social welfare [09])


3


FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND NATIONAL DEFENSE

(includes: foreign aid, defense spending, the space

program; does not include: international trade

deficit [02])




4


GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONING

(not "the economy" [02])




5


LABOR ISSUES

(not unemployment [09])




6

NATURAL RESOURCES

7


PUBLIC ORDER

(includes: crime, drugs, civil liberties and non

racial civil rights, women's rights, abortion

rights, gun control, family/social/religious/moral

'decay,' church and state, etc.)


8


RACIAL PROBLEMS

(note: this primarily includes civil rights issues

and racial equality; monetary assistance to

minorities is primarily found in code 9, however

there is a slight overlap: see Note 7 for specific

codes; note especially 1988 code 300 and 1966-1972 codes 61-63)




9


SOCIAL WELFARE

(includes: population, child care, aid to education,

the elderly, health care, housing, poverty,

unemployment, 'welfare' etc.)




97

Other problems (incl. specific campaign issues)

QUESTION: Is there anything in particular that you like about the Republican [or Democrat] party [or

candidate]?



VALUES

CATEGORIES

11


People within party (0001-0097)


12


Party characteristics (0101-0197)


21


Candidate experience, ability (0201-0297)


22


Candidate leadership qualities (0301-0397)


23


Candidate personal qualities (0401-0498)


24


Candidate party connections (0500-0597)


31


Government management (0601-0697)


32


Government activity/philosophy (0801-0897)


33


Domestic policies (0901-1097)


34


Foreign policies (1101-1199,1300-1310)


35


Group connections (1201-1299)


40


Miscellaneous (0701-0797,8877)


50


Events unique to one campaign (5001-5004)




Appendix I: Selected Chapter 5 Issue Distance Measures

TABLE I.1: SPENDING Distance Measures

MODEL: Distance = Year

N

Intercept

Parameter

Estimate


Standard Error

R2

SPENDING – Respondent Placements

R Spending Self Placement

11

-25.253

.015




0.012

.147

Democratic Party Position

11

-1.484

0.003




0.005

.039

Democratic Prez Cand Position

6

3.451

0.001




0.005

.006

Republican Party Position

11

-6.009

0.005




0.008

.035

Republican Prez Cand Position

6

-33.148

0.018




0.015

.276

SPENDING - Respondent Relative Distance from Parties & Candidates

R – DP (Dem Party)

11

-20.005

0.010




0.013

.059

R – DPC (Dem Prez Cand)

6

-33.08

0.016

*

0.008

.503

R – DHC (Dem House Cand)

9

-30.657

0.015




0.014

.142

R – DSC (Dem Sen Cand)

-

-

-




-

-

R – RP (Rep Party)

11

-26.362

0.014




0.011

.148

R – RPC (Rep Prez Cand)

6

-13.510

0.007




0.014

.061

R- RHC (Rep House Cand)

9

-37.660

0.019

***

0.006

.594

R – RSC (Rep Sen Cand)

-

-

-




-

-

SPENDING - Respondent Relative Partisan Proximity (Rep Distance – Dem Distance)

|R – RP| – |R – DP|

11

-5.673

0.003




0.011

.008

|R – RPC| – |R – DPC|

6

-12.678

0.006




0.009

.105

|R – RHC| – |R – DHC|

9

-1.639

0.001




0.010

.003

|R – RSC| – |R – DSC|

-

-

-




-

-

SPENDING – Total Relative Partisan Distance (Rep Distance + Dem Distance)

|R – RP| + |R – DP|

9

-15.288

0.008




0.012

.068

|R – RPC| + |R – DPC|

6

52.959

-0.025




0.016

.383

|R – RHC| + |R – DHC|

9

36.712

-0.016

**

0.007

.428

|R – RSC| + |R – DSC|

-

-

-




-

-

* significant at .10 level

** significant at .05 level

***significant at .01 level

TABLE I.2: DEFENSE SPENDING Distance Measures

MODEL: Distance = Year

N

Intercept

Parameter

Estimate


Standard Error

R2

DEFENSE SPENDING – Respondent Placements

R Defense Spending Self Placement

11

-0.090

0.002




0.024

.001

Democratic Party Position

10

-4.061

0.004




0.008

.026

Democratic Prez Cand Position

7

-25.009

0.014




0.014

.174

Republican Party Position

10

18.881

-0.006




0.010

.054

Republican Prez Cand Position

7

27.999

-0.011




0.022

.053

DEFENSE SPENDING - Respondent Relative Distance from Parties & Candidates

R – DP (Dem Party)

10

-9.697

0.005




0.020

.008

R – DPC (Dem Prez Cand)

7

34.820

-0.0117




0.024

.090

R – DHC (Dem House Cand)

-

-

-




-

-

R – DSC (Dem Sen Cand)

-

-

-




-

-

R – RP (Rep Party)

10

-22.809

0.011




0.025

.023

R – RPC (Rep Prez Cand)

7

-7.559

0.003




0.028

.003

R- RHC (Rep House Cand)

-

-

-




-

-

R – RSC (Rep Sen Cand)

-

-

-




-

-

DEFENSE SPENDING - Respondent Relative Partisan Proximity (Rep Distance – Dem Distance)

|R – RP| – |R – DP|

10

15.186

-0.008




0.016

0.027

|R – RPC| – |R – DPC|

10

-15.469

0.008




0.021

.028

|R – RHC| – |R – DHC|

-

-

-




-

-

|R – RSC| – |R – DSC|

-

-

-




-

-

DEFENSE SPENDING – Total Relative Partisan Distance (Rep Distance + Dem Distance)

|R – RP| + |R – DP|

-

-

-




-

-

|R – RPC| + |R – DPC|

7

76.156

-0.037




0.045

.118

|R – RHC| + |R – DHC|

-

-

-




-

-

|R – RSC| + |R – DSC|

-

-

-




-

-

* significant at .10 level

** significant at .05 level

***significant at .01 level

REFERENCES

Abramowitz, Alan I., and Gary C. Jacobson. 2006. Disconnected, or Joined at the Hip? In Red and Blue Nation? Characteristics and Causes of America's Polarized Politics, edited by P. S. Nivola and D. W. Brady. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute Press.

Abramowitz, Alan I., and Kyle L. Saunders. 1998. Ideological Realignment in the U.S. Electorate. Journal of Politics 60 (3):634-652.

———. 2005. Why Can’t We All Just Get Along? The Reality of a Polarized America. The Forum (2), http://www.bepress.com/forum.

Adams, Greg D. 1997. Abortion: Evidence of Issue Evolution. American Journal of Political Science 41:718-37.

Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Alverez, R. Michael. 1997. Information and Elections. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Alverez, R. Michael, and Charles H. Franklin. 1994. Uncertainty and Political Perceptions. Journal of Politics 56 (3):671-88.

Alverez, R. Michael, and Jonathan Nagler. 1995. Economics, Issues and the Perot Candidacy: Voter Choice in the 1992 Presidential Election. American Journal of Political Science 39:714-44.

Arnold, Douglas R. 1990. The Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Balanda, Kevin P., and H. L. MacGillivray. 1988. Kurtosis: A Critical Review. American Statistician 42:111-119.

Bartels, Larry. 2005. What's the Matter with What's the Matter with Kansas? In American Political Science Association Annual National Conference. Washington, D.C.

———. 2006. What's the Matter with What's the Matter with Kansas? Quarterly Journal of Political Science 1:201-26.

Bartels, Larry M. 1986. Issue Voting under Uncertainty: An Empirical Test. American Journal of Political Science 30 (4):709-28.

Berelson, Bernard R., Paul R. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee. 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bishop, Bill. 2004. THE GREAT DIVIDE: Divided electorate is a natural for a bitter, issueless campaign. The American Statesman.

Black, Duncan. 1958. The Theory of Committees and Elections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Blau, Peter M. 1977. Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure. New York: Free Press.

———. 1977. A Macrosocial Theory of Social Structure. American Journal of Sociology 83.

Blumenthal, Sidney. 1994. A Reluctant Warrior - With Haiti, Clinton Redefines the Post-Cold War Presidency. L.A. Times, September 18th, 1994, online.

Bok, Derek. 2003. Political Leadership in the Great Health Care Debate of 1993-1994. In Public Discourse in America: Conversation and Community in the Twenty-First Century, edited by S. P. Steinberg and J. Rodin. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Bolce, Louis, and Gerald De Maio. 1998. The Impact of the Christian Fundamentalist Symbol on Party Coalitions: A Reference Group Theory Approach In American Political Science Association. Boston.

———. 1999. The Anti-Christian Fundamentalist Factor in Contemporary Politics. Public Opinion Quarterly 63 (4):508-42.

———. 1999. Religious Outlook, Culture War Politics, and Antipathy toward Christian Fundamentalists. Public Opinion Quarterly 63:29-61.

Borusk, Alan J. 2004. Red, blue and a bit bruised: A divided Wisconsin looks beyond the vote. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Nov. 1st, 2004.

Bough, Brian, James Endersby, Donald M. Gooch, and Monica Klimek. 2004. Vote Choice and Spatial Perception: Distance as a Determinant of the Presidential Vote 1984-2000. In Midwest Political Science Association National Conference. Chicago, ILL: MWPSA.


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