Verdon and Franks (2006) reconstruct the positive and negative phases of PDO back to A.D. 1662 based on tree ring chronologies from Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, and subtropical North America as well as coral fossil from Rarotonga located in the South Pacific. They found evidence for this cyclical behavior over the whole period.
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Figure 4: Verdon and Franks (2006) reconstructed PDO back to 1662 showing cyclical behavior over the whole period.
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A study by Gershunov and Barnett (1998) shows that the PDO has a modulating effect on the climate patterns resulting from ENSO. The climate signal of El Niño is likely to be stronger when the PDO is highly positive; conversely the climate signal of La Niña will be stronger when the PDO is highly negative. This does not mean that the PDO physically controls ENSO, but rather that the resulting climate patterns interact with each other.
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