Authoring a PhD
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BOLALAR UCHUN INGLIZ TILI @ASILBEK MUSTAFOQULOV, Ingliz tili grammatikasi
| Civil Government, Book 4, Chapter 3, section 6, might appear as (Locke, TCG, IV.3.vi). This kind of abbreviated reference is perfectly neat to use many times over in your text, but is also accessible enough once you have explained the convention being used. Where your thesis revolves centrally around the use of a set of primary sources, then it is often useful to discuss them in a Research Methods Appendix, and this is a good place also to explain the referencing conventions you have followed. ◆ Unpublished and un-indexed sources, such as documents located in a depository that is not a well-organized historical or other archive with retrieval numbers, can be handled in a similar way in the Harvard in-text reference. Establish and explain your own referencing or naming convention as for primary sources above. Include a set of convenient abbreviations, ideally acronyms that will be intuitively understandable (as with the Locke reference above). ◆ In-text references for interview material are also sometimes cited as a problem for Harvard referencing, but are in fact straightforward to handle. ‘On-the-record’ interviews should be cited in a similar way to primary sources, by establishing a convention including the interviewee’s surname, the fact that it was an interview and the interview date, as (Smithers, interview October 2000). Your Research Methods Appendix should then W RI TING CLEARLY 9 include full details on who interviewees were where and when you talked to them how interviews were conducted for instance, face-to-face, by phone, using a questionnaire or a dialogue mode, etc and how you recorded the material for instance, taped or noted. If you want to cite evidence from ‘non-attributable’ interviews then referencing issues do notarise, because you cannot link particular points to any definite respondent. Instead you need to find away of introducing phrases into your main text which give as much useful contextual information about your informant or source as possible, while yet fully preserving their anonymity. Material from ‘off-the-record’ interviews cannot be cited or referred to at all without breaching normal academic research ethics. (Make sure that you carefully discuss with your advisor any possible issues in referencing different kinds of interview material at the examination stage) In all these last three respects there is no significant difference between the difficulty or ease of citing sources under Harvard referencing and using alternative systems like endnotes or footnotes. A final issue worth noting about bibliographies concerns segmentation. A single unified bibliography arranged in a strict and predictable alphabetic ordering is best for all textual materials. In some older works, and in the PhD regulations fora few more old-fashioned universities, it is still possible to find bibliographies broken up into primary sources (such as unpublished documents) and secondary or published sources, or even separate listings for books and articles. All such devices breach the one- stop lookup principle, because from the in-text reference alone readers normally cannot tell what kind of source they are being directed to. With any kind of segmented bibliography they may have to look in several places to find the reference they need. Endnotes The main viable alternative system for referencing consistent with full citation and one-stop lookup are endnotes. ◆ The in-text reference is reduced to a minimal superscript number, as. 8 The numbers should restart at 1 with each new chapter. The number is automatically entered in your text 3 AUTHORING AP H D by the word-processing package when you create an end- note. Note numbers should always be located at the end of sentences, not in the middle. You should also avoid having multiple note numbers at different points inside or at the end of the same sentence. ◆ The note itself must give full details on first citation of a source, covering the same items as required for Harvard bibliographies (see above, but with the component items in a different sequence, as: W RI TING CLEARLY. Terence B. Jones and Arthur Crank, One Book Academics What Goes Download 2.39 Mb. Share with your friends:
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