B bábi, Tibor



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Bajor, Gizi (Gizella Beyer) (Budapest, 19 May 1893 - Budapest, 12 February 1951) – Actress. She studied at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest (1914), and in the same year joined the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest where, with the exception of two years, she worked until the end of her life. Her first success was in the title role of Géza Gárdonyi’s Annie (Annuska) (1915) that secured her a place as a first rate artist of the Theater. Henceforth she was a cornerstone of the Theater’s strategy for great successes. As a guest artist she often performed on stages of other theaters of Budapest. Her major roles include Miranda in Shakespeare’s The Tempest (A vihar); Titánia in A Midsummer-Night’s Dream (Szentivánéji álom); Blanche in Csathó’s The New Relativ (Az új rokon); Anna in B. Shaw’s Man and Superman (Tanner John házassága); Fruzsina in Zilahy’s Musical Clowns (Zenebohócok), and Judit in The General (A tábornok); Cyprienne in Sardou and Najac’s Let's Get a Divorce (Váljunk el); Phoebe in J. M. Barrie’s Quality Street (Vén leányok); Lavinia in O’Neill’s Mourning Becomes Electra (Amerikai Elektra); title role in Ibsen’s Nora; Ásvayné in Harsányi’s The Mad Mrs. Ásvay (A bolond Ásvayné); Cleopatra in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra (Antonius és Cleopatra); Countess Diana in Lope de Vega’s The Gardener’s Dog (A kertész kutyája); Anna in Tolsztoj-Volkov’s Anna Karenina. Her feature film roles include The Entchanted (A megbűvöltek); Petőfi; Hallo Budapest; The Laughing Woman (A kacagó asszony); The Virgin and the Kid (A szűz és a gödölye). She was a versatile actress, second to none in classical as well as modern dramas and a caring human being. During World War II she cared for persecuted persons in her home. Her life ended tragically. Her home became a Theater Museum. She was a recipient of the Corvin Wreath (1930), and the Kossuth Prize (1948). – B: 0883, 1031, 1427, 1090, T: 7103.→Staud, Géza.

Bajza, József (Joseph) (Szücsi, 31 January 1804 - Pest, 3 March 1858) – Poet, critic, journalist, editor. Descendent of a noble family, he completed his university studies in Pest. From 1822 his poems were published in contemporary almanacs. His study The Theory of Epigrams (Az Epigramma theoriája) generated great interest. Later he was engaged mainly in producing historical works. He was the director of the National Theater. In July 1849 he restarted the journal Courier (Futár), published abroad earlier under the title Opposition (Ellenzék), but only one issue appeared. After the surrender of the Hungarian Army at Világos on 13 August 1849, he went underground with poet Mihály (Michael) Vörösmarty; but by the end of 1849 he returned to Pest. He suffered a nervous breakdown caused by events of the ill-fated Revolution of 1848 and died from dementia. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was one of the leading figures of the literary renaissance of the Reform period in Hungary. His Collected Works, vols i-vi (Összegyüjtött munkái I-VI) were published by F. Radics (1899-1901). A street in Budapest bears his name. – B: 1150, 1257, T: 7666.→Vörösmarty, Mihály; Arad, Martyrs of; Bach Era.

Bakay, Kornél (Cornelius) (Kalocsa, 27 May 1940 - ) – Archeologist, politician. His higher studies were taken at the University of Budapest, where he read Archeology and History. He was the pupil of the eminent archeologist Gyula (Julius) László. He received a scholarship from the Institute of Archeology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1963-1965). Following this he worked for the Academy until 1972, first as contributor, then as head of its Archeological Institution. Since 1977 he has been Director of the Municipal Museum of Kőszeg. He began to teach in 1981, first at the Educational Academy of Szombathely and Eger, then at the University of Miskolc, where he is Professor and Head of the Department of Hungarian History. His field of research is Ancient Hungarian History, Archeology and History of Religion. In 2000 he participated in an archeological excavation in Kazakhstan; and in 2001 he was on a study trip in Armenia. His works include Scythian Rattles in the Carpathian Basin and their Eastern Connections (1971); Founding of the Hungarian State (A magyar államalapítás) (1978); Die ständige Ausstellung des Jurisich Miklós Museums Kőszeg-Burg (The Permanent Exhibition at the Miklós Jurisich Museum in Kőszeg Castle) 1983); Who are we? Where did we come from? (Kik vagyunk? Honnan jöttünk?) (1994); Sacra Corona Hungariae (A Magyar Szent Korona) (1994), and Archeological Sources of Our Ancient History, vols I-III (Őstörténetünk régészeti forrásai I-III. (2004, 2004, 2005). The University of Miskolc bestowed an Honorary Doctorate on him in 2000. – B: 0874, 1031, T: 7103.→László, Gyula.

Bakfark, Bálint (Valentine) (Greff, Graevius, Valentinus) (Brassó, now Braşov, Romania, ca. 1506 - Padua, 22 August 1576) – Musician and composer. He was a celebrated lute virtuoso throughout Europe. He was brought up in Buda at the court of King János I (John) (Szapolyai) (1526-1540) and later received noble status. After the death of King János he moved to Italy, then to France, where he was in close contact with the court during the first years of King Henry II’s rule. As Orpheus Pannoniae, he traveled throughout Europe spending long periods at noble courts. Two of his lute compositions are still known. Many contemporary poets paid tribute to him. His works appeared in several editions in Hungary and throughout Europe. It was partly due to his artistry that Western composers became acquainted with Hungarian folk song motives. These appeared in the 16th century as Ungaresca or Ungarischer Tanz (Hungarian Dance). He was also interested in French and Polish literature. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7684.→János I, King.

Bakócz, Tamás (Thomas) (erdődi) (Erdőd, 1442 - Esztergom, 15 June 1521) – Archbishop, statesman. He was born into a family of serfs. He studied at the Dominican School of Szatmárnémeti (now Satu Mare, Romania). His university studies were at Krakow, Poland, and at Padua, Italy. King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus) (1458-1490) employed him at his chancellery. In 1486, he became Bishop of Győr. During the reign of Ulászló II (Wladislas) (1490-1516) he was chancellor; became Bishop of Eger in 1497, and supporter of the Habsburgs. In the same year he became Archbishop of Esztergom. He soon became wealthy and influential, virtually a “second king”. Became Cardinal in 1500, and Patriarch of Constantinople in 1507. At the election of a new pope in 1513, he received eight votes. Pope Leo X commissioned him to conduct a crusade against the Turks, who were approaching Hungary. However, in 1514, the crusaders, together with their leader György Dózsa, turned against the nobles. Bakócz then turned away from the crusaders. After their defeat Bakócz withdrew from public life. He was a great supporter of humanist art. – B: 0883, 1031, 1257, T: 7103.→Mátyás I, King; Ulászló II, King; Dózsa, György.

Bakony Mountain – An elongated oval-shaped plateau made up of dissected, flat-topped blocks brought about by step-faulting; it is 400-500 m high, the highest point being Kőrishegy, 713 m. The Bakony Mountain is the westernmost part of the Transdanubian Central Mountains. It consists of Mesozoic beds, mostly limestone. It rises toward north because of the tilted tectonic movements. The tectonic fracture zone along the Devecser-Várpalota line forms its southern boundary; the Mór Graben, a tectonic subsidence, forming the eastern boundary; the Little Hungarian Plain constitutes its northern and western borders. Geologically the Bakony is a fault-block mountain. The surface of this limestone plateau is largely karstic, and this morphology lends to many parts of the Bakony Mountain a rather desolate appearance. Morphologically it is divided into three parts: (1) the most elevated North Bakony, consisting of three plateau blocks, those of Tés, Zirc and Bakonybél; (2) the South Bakony with some volcanic cones; its westernmost part is the Keszthely Range, the North and South Bakonys being separated by the structural line of the Séd and Torna Creek valleys; (3) the Balaton Upland directly north of Lake Balaton, separated from the South Bakony by the Veszprém-Nagyvázsony line and containing numerous volcanic cones composed of Pliocene basaltic lava, as well as the truncated cone of the 438 m. Badacsony, consisting of Pannonian clay overlain by basalt, with famous vineyards on its southern slopes. The Bakony Mountain has considerable mineral wealth, mainly as a result of the extraction of bauxite and manganese ores and mining of brown coal. Bauxite, in which Hungary is the second largest producer in Europe, is mined at (a) Halimba and Nyírád in the South Bakony, (b) Iszkaszentgyörgy in the North Bakony, and (c) Kislőd and Fenyőfő in the central part. Manganese ore is mined at Úrkut near Ajka. Brown coal of the Creataceous age is mined at Ajka-Csingervölgy and of the Eocene age at Dudar, while of the Middle Miocene age at Szentgál and Várpalota. The Bakony Mountain is densely forested, mainly composed of beeches (Fagus silvatica) and oak (Quercus pedunculata), as well as other deciduous trees; hence the alternative name Bakony Forest (German: Bakonyer Wald). There are some picturesque castles on this mountain, as those of Csesznek and Várpalota, also numerous monasteries, e.g. those of Zirc, Bakonybél, and the adjoinining Pannonhalma. – B: 1068, 7456, T: 7456.

Bakos, Gáspár Áron (Gasper Aaron) (Siófok, Hungary, February 27 1976 - ) – Astronomer. He graduated from the Apáczai Csere János High School, Budapest. He worked in the Astronomy Department of the University of Budapest (1994-2000) as Research Fellow, Konkoly Observatory, Budapest (1998-2000), and an assistant at the Urania Public Observatory, Budapest from 1994. His higher studies were at the University of Budapest, in the Astrophysics Section, in 2000­-2004; also Pre-doctoral Fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, in 2001-2003. His Ph.D. was completed in 2004. He was a Hubble Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics CfA, in 2001-2003. His research field was search for extrasolar planets with the HAT Network. His works includes: Bakos, G. Á. 2001, RTLinux driven HAT for All Sky Monitoring submitted to ASP Conference Series (IAU coll. 183). In 2006 a team of astronomers and astrophysicists led by Bakos discovered the planet HAT-P-1 at a distance of 450 light years from Earth in the Lizard Constellation, spinning around one of a twin star. Its diameter is 38 % greater than that of Jupiter, but its mass is only half of that. This renders it unique and inexplicable among the more than 200 planets discovered so far. Bakos is a recipient of a number of awards including “Eminent Student of the Faculty of Sciences” award at the University of Budapest (1999) and the Dan David prize of the Tel-Aviv University (2003). – B: 1638, T: 7456.

Bakos, Lajos (Louis) (Kisbér, 27 December 1905 - Balatonfüred, 26 April 1979) – Bishop of the Reformed Church. He studied Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy in Pápa (1925-1929). He was on scholarship with Stipendium Bernardinum in Halle, Germany, and in Utrecht, Holland (1930-1932). He obtained a doctoral degree in Systematic Theology at the University of Debrecen in 1943, and was a minister at Balatonarács (1932-1964). During that time he taught Theology at the Reformed Theological Academy in Pápa (1949-1951) and was Minister in Veszprém (1964-1979). He was elected Bishop of the Transdanubian Church District in 1964. He was also a member of numerous social associations, as well as a recipient of several awards. His major works include The Inspiration of the Holy Scripture (A Szentírás ihletettsége) (1943); Truths of Our Faith (Hitünk igazságai) (1972); I Believe and I Confess (Hiszem és vallom) (1973), and Festive Days and Sundays (Ünnepnapok, vasárnapok) (1976). Remaining in manuscript form are his Mission – Service (Küldetés – szolgálat) (1975) and As the Spirit Gave…(Ahogy a Lélek adta…) (1978). – B: 0910, T: 7103.

Baksay, Sándor (Alexander) (Nagypeterd, 1 August 1832 - Kunszentmiklós, 18 June 1915) – Bishop of the Reformed Church, writer, literary translator. He studied Theology and Philosophy at the Reformed Theological College, Kecskemét (1847-1855). He was Assistant Minister in Kecskemét (1855-1856), teacher in the Kiskunhalas High School (1856-1862), Parish Minister int Érsekcsalád (1862-1865) and in Kunszentmiklós from 1866 to 1915. He was Bishop of the Danubian Church District from 1904, as well as a member of the Upper House of Parliament from 1908. His major works include Footpath (Gyalogösvény) short novels (1887); Brambles (Szederindák) short novels (1891); Dame (Dáma) (1899); Encounter at the Puszta (Pusztai találkozás); A Witch Called Patak (Patak Banya) (1907); Hungarian Folk Costumes (Magyar népviselet) (1888), and Hungarian Folk Customs (Magyar népszokások) (1891). He translated Lucanus’ Pharsalia, Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey (i-ix chapters), and wrote numerous articles in various newspapers. His collected Sermons vols. i-iv (Egyházi beszédek I-IV) were edited by K. Hetessy (1930-1933). In his novels and short stories he accurately described the life of the Calvinist people of his birthplace and of the Kiskunság region. He was a member of the Kisfaludy Society, the Hungarian Protestant Literary Society, and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Today schools and streets bear his name. He was an Honorary Doctor of the University of Geneva, and was awarded the Franz Joseph Grand Cross. – B: 0910, 1257, T: 7103.

Baktay, Ervin (Gottesmann) (Dunaharaszti, 24 June 1890 - Budapest, 7 May 1963) – Orientalist. He wanted to become a painter and studied painting at the Academy of Applied Art, Budapest, then with Simon Hollósy in Munich, Germany. Following World War I, between 1926 and 1929, he studied the folk-life of India, including its religion, philosophy and culture. He visited the locations where Alexander Csoma de Körös (Sándor Körösi Csoma) once lived. From 1930 to 1944 he was one of the editors of the periodical The Globe (A Földgömb). He earned a Ph.D. from the University of Debrecen in 1933. From 1946 until his retirement in 1958, he was Deputy Director at the Ferenc Hopp East Asian Museum of Arts, Budapest. Simultaneously he lectured Indian Art History at the University of Budapest. At the invitation of the Government of India he visited the country again in 1956-1957. After his retirement he lectured in a number of countries on the Art of India. His more than 20 major works include Rabindranath Tagore (1921); On the Roof of the World. In the Footsteps of Sándor Körösi Csoma in Western Tibet) (A világ tetején. Körösi Csoma Sándor nyomdokain a nyugati Tibetbe) (1930); India, vols. i, ii (1931, 2000); Sanátana Dharma (1936, 1991); Hindustan (1938); The Wisdom of India (India bölcsessége) (1943, 2000); The Art of India (India művészete) (1958, 1963, 1981), and Sándor Csoma Körösi (1962, 01963, 1981, 2000). Baktay also made literary translations. Some experts insist that Baktay’s pseudonym was F.W. Bain. His statue is in the Park of the Hungarian Geographic Museum, Budapest. There is an Ervin Baktay Society and a Foundation. A School in Dunaharaszti bears his name. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7103.→Hollósy, Simon; Körösi Csoma, Sándor.

Bala Clan – A Hungarian clan from the Árpád era. Their members are mentioned only in a few documents. The name was well known long ago as a family name, occurring usually among the serfs attached to a castle. – B: 0942, T: 7685.

Balassa, Géza (Felsőbaka, now Homi Prandorf, Slovakia, 10 March 1914 - Pozsony now Bratislava, Slovakia, 1994) – Archaeologist, historian. He completed his secondary school studies in Körmöcbánya (now Kremnica, Slovakia) (1933) and studied Lutheran Theology at the University of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) (1933-1934). In the following year he studied at Pozsony Teachers’ College and in 1949, he obtained a Diploma of Education in History and Geography. During the years 1935-1948 he taught at Zólyomberezna (now Březiny, Slovakia), Nagyszalatna (now Zvolenská Slatina, Slovakia), and Zólyom (now Zvolen, Slovakia). Between 1948 and 1952 he was Head of the Agricultural Archives of Radvány (now Radvaň nad Hronom, Slovakia). From 1952 to 1962 he was Head of the Archeological Department of the District Museum of Besztercebánya (now Banská-Bystrica, Slovakia) and authored its Museum Guide. He conducted archeological excavations around Zólyom in 1954, Pereszlény (now Preseľany, Slovakia) and Ipolyság (now Šahy, Slovakia), Hosszúhomok district in 1955, then at Gyügy (now Dudince, Slovakia) and Karvaly (now Jastrabá, Slovakia) in 1956, Korpona (now Krupina, Slovakia) in 1957, Rimabrézó (now Rimavske Brezovo, Slovakia), Tomalja (now Tomala, Slovakia) (in the Dobogó area) and Nagyszalatna in 1959, in the Besztercebánya region (Kápolna Cave, 1960) and at Derzsenye (now Drženice, Slovakia) and Vargede (now Hodejov, Slovakia) in 1962. From 1962 to 1977 he was Head of the Slovakian Office for the Protection of Historic Buildings and Monuments. His excavations of the remains of Medieval times include Nemesludrova (now Zemianska Ludrova, Slovakia) (1962-1963), the Castle of Znió (Znióváralja, now Kláštor pod Znievom, Slovakia) (1963), Bozók (now Bzovik, Slovakia), a Premonstrian provostship, later fortified, containing Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance details (1966-1971), Gyügy, Roman bath (1969), Castle of Liptó (now Liptovský-Mikulaš, Slovakia) (1969-1973), Zólyomlipcse (now Slovenská Lupča, Slovakia), medieval monastery, and Zolna fort, (1971-1973), then Körmöcbánya, Curia civitatis and Besztercebánya, the inner castle of the town (1973). He retired to Pozsony in 1977. His published works include Contribution to the History of Zólyom (Hozzájárulás Zólyom történetéhez) (1956); Ancient Settlements in the Area of Gömör (Őskori települések Gömör területén) (1965); Ancient History of the Magyars (Magyarok őstörténete) (1977), and Novum castrum Lipto (1980). He also published in Slovakian. His major exhibitions include the permanent exhibition of the Besztercebánya District Museum archaeological material (prepared in 1960), as well as that of the Madách Museum at Alsósztregova (now Dolná Strehová, Slovakia). – B: 1083, 1085, 1890, T: 7456.

Balassa, Imre (Emeric) (Szeged, 25 November 1886 - Nógrád, 4 February 1974) – Writer, journalist, dramaturgist, music critic. He acquired a diploma in stage management and acting at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest (1907). He was assistant manager and secretary at the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest until 1913. He was a war correspondent (1917-1919), and from 1919 he worked at various newspapers and wrote articles for the daily New Generation (Új Nemzedék) until 1939. Between 1946 and 1948 he was contributor to the weekly The Morning (A Reggel). He founded the first artistic newspaper, the Evening Life (Esti Élet). Between 1949 and 1967 he was the chief public relations officer and dramaturgist at the Budapest Opera House. Between 1952 and 1972 he regularly covered concerts. He was General Secretary of the Hungarian Writers’ Association, Vice-President of the Lafontaine Society, and Vice-President of the Critics’ Section of the Pen Club. He wrote excellent music commentaries in the decades following World War II. His works include Stage Problems (Színpadi problémák) (1912); Christ (Krisztus) novel (1928); Kossuth, novel (1928); Molière, novel (1938), and Book of Operas (Operák könyve), with Gy. S. Gál (1951), Erzsi Sándor (Sándor Erzsi) (1968). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7103.→Kossuth, Lajos; Sándor, Erzsi.

Balassa, János (John) (Sárszentlőrinc, 5 May 1814 - Pest, 9 December 1868) – Surgeon. He completed his medical studies in Vienna, where he also obtained his first post. Then he became Professor at University of Pest and Director of its Medical School. During the War of Independence (1848-1849) he was Director of the military hospital and became a prisoner following the collapse of the war. The foundation of the weekly Medical Journal was his idea. He set up the education and practice of modern surgery in Hungary and was one of the first in Europe to use general anesthesia. His study of abdominal hernias and the use of a laryngoscope in larynx operations were pioneering achievements. He also used new methods in plastic surgery and was ahead of his time in the conservative treatment of tubercular diseases of bones and joints, as well as in the use of thermotherapy in surgical practices. The Balassa János Medal was established in Hungary in memory of him and his work. The Szekszárd Country Hospital, a College and a Medal bear his name. – B: 0883, 0931, T: 7660.→Markusovszky, Lajos; Plaster of Paris Bandage.

Balassa, Menyhért (Melchior), Comedy on the Betrayal of (Comoedia Balassi Menyhért árultatásáról) – A political comedy dating from about 1565. It is the first Hungarian secular play. The author is unknown, although it was more likely written by someone belonging to the newly established Unitarian Church of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). Pál (Paul) Karádi, a Unitarian preacher from Abrudbánya added a foreword and published it in 1569. It was the first ironical political text in Hungarian about a man who frequently changed sides. – B: 1150, 1257, T: 7659.

Balassi, Bálint (Balassa) (Valentine) (or Balassa) (Zólyom Castle, now Zvolen, Slovakia, 20 October 1554 - Esztergom, 30 May 1594) – Poet. He used both versions of his name and was a distinguished poet of the Hungarian Renaissance. Based on false reports, his father, Captain of Zólyom Castle, was suspected of being involved with István (Stephen) Dobó in a conspiracy. He was captured in Pozsony and imprisoned, but escaped with his family and fled to Poland, where he wrote his first poem to console his parents. He took part in raids on border fortresses and continued the litigations started by his father against neighboring landlords. He had many love affairs and many ups and downs throughout his life. In 1593-1594, he participated in the war against the Turks. He joined the army of Count Miklós (Nicholas) Pálffy, took part in the siege of Fejérvár and in the victorious siege of Pákozd. He retook his family castle at was a conspiracy. He was captured in Pozsony and imprisoned, but escaped with his family and fled to Poland, where he wrote his first poem to console his parents. He took part in raids on border fortresses and continued the litigations started by his father against neighboring landlords. He had many love affairs and many ups and downs throughout his life. In 1593-1594, he participated in the war against the Turks. He joined the army of Count Miklós (Nicholas) Pálffy, took part in the siege of Fejérvár and in the victorious siege of Pákozd. He retook his family castle at was captured in Pozsony and imprisoned, but escaped with his family and fled to Poland, where he wrote his first poem to console his parents. He took part in raids on border fortresses and continued the litigations started by his father against neighboring landlords. He had many love affairs and many ups and downs throughout his life. In 1593-1594, he participated in the war against the Turks. He joined the army of Count Miklós (Nicholas) Pálffy, took part in the siege of Fejérvár and in the victorious siege of Pákozd. He retook his family castle at Kékkő from the retreating Turks. He was wounded at the siege of Esztergom and a few days later he died from septicemia. The walls of Radvány Castle hid the copies of his love poems for nearly 300 years. They appeared by accident on 21 August 1874, among the pages of the Radvánszky Codex in the library of Baron Radvánszky, although the original versions of his poems have disappeared. Balassi was the first outstanding Hungarian lyrical poet. He invented and used new literary forms. In his lyrical love poems events are intertwined with experiences gained during the wars against the Turks. None of his poems was published during his lifetime, and mostly his religious and heroic poems were known and appreciated for about 300 years after his death. He was very well versed in serious music and many of the melodies he knew served as models for his poems. Balassi was the greatest figure of the second age of Hungarian Renaissance; and an outstanding representative of Hungarian poetry. He was the first classic poet of Hungaran Literature. – B: 0883, 1031, 1257, T: 7666.→Dobó, István; Pálffy, Count Miklós; Radvánszky Codex; Codex Literature.


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