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- S1 - S10: Physical impairment: S1 SB1 SM1
- S6 SB5 SM6
- S9 SB8 SM9
- Sport Classes 11-13: Visual Impairment
- Sport Classes 14: Intellectual impairment
- Sitting classes: CLASS 1
- CLASS 3
- Standing Classes: CLASS 6
- CLASS 10
- 2.2.1.2 Winter sports
- Standing classes. LW 1
- Amputation
- Cerebral Palsy
- 3.1 International Paralympics committee. 3.1.1 The Athletes.
- 3.1.2 Paralympic Games.
Single-Person Keelboat: To sail on the Single-Person Keelboat athletes only have to pass the minimum disability criteria, but there is no further sport class distinction. Thus, this classification is equivalent to the TPB sport class on the Two-Person Keelboat. Shooting: Included impairment types: physical impairment. Is an adaptation of shooting. Shooting is a test of accuracy and control, in which competitors use pistols or rifles to fire a series of shots at a stationary target. Sport Classes: Paralympic shooting is divided into two sport classes: SH1: Athletes in this sport class shoot with either pistol or rifle. They do not require a shooting stand, because their arms are affected by impairment to a lesser extent and allow for sufficient support of the pistol or rifle. Eligible pistol shooters, for example, have an impaired non-shooting arm, such as amputation or muscle weakness. SH2: This sport class is designated to shooters with a more severe impairment in the upper limbs, which necessitates them to use a shooting stand. Unlike the SH1 class they shoot with rifles only and not with pistols. Volleyball: Included impairment types: physical impairment. Is an adaptation of the sport of Volleyball for athletes with disabilities. Has a sitting and standing event. Sport Classes: Paralympic Volleyball is divided into two sport classes: SITTING: Volleyball the court is smaller than standard and has a lower net. Games are contested by athletes with a minimal disability that prevents them from competing with able-bodied athletes. In sitting volleyball, the net is about 3 feet high, and the court is 10 x 6 meters with a 2-meter attack line. Players are allowed to block serves, but one “cheek” must be in contact with the floor whenever they make contact with the ball. STANDING: Volleyball uses a full-sized court and normal height net, and is played by athletes split into three classes according to their disabilities. In standing volleyball, a mix of disabilities must be represented on the court at all time to equalize the level of play. Athletes with the following disabilities can compete in sitting or standing volleyball: Amputees, spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, brain injuries and stroke. Swimming Included impairment types: physical impairment, visual impairment and intellectual impairment. Is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities. Swimming is the only sport that combines the conditions of limb loss, cerebral palsy (coordination and movement restrictions), spinal cord injury (weakness or paralysis involving any combination of the limbs) and other disabilities (such as Dwarfism and major joint restriction conditions) across classes. Sport Classes: Paralympic Swimming is divided into two sport classes: The sport class names in Swimming consist of a prefix “S,” “SM,” or “SB” and a number. The prefixes stand for the strokes and the number indicates the sport classes. The prefixes stand for: S: Freestyle, Butterfly and Backstroke events. SM: Individual Medley. SB: Breaststroke. S1 - S10: Physical impairment: S1 SB1 SM1: Swimmers in this sport class have a significant loss of muscle power or control in legs, arms and hands. Some athletes also have limited trunk control, as it may occur with tetraplegia. These impairments may be caused by spinal-cord injuries or polio. Swimmers in this class usually use a wheelchair in daily life. S2 SB1 SM2: Swimmers in this sport class are able to use their arms with no use of their hands, legs or trunk or have severe coordination problems in 4 limbs. As in sport class S1 SB1 SM1, athletes mostly only compete in backstroke events. S3 SB2 SM3: This sport class includes athletes with amputations of all four limbs. Swimmers with reasonable arm strokes but no use of their legs or trunk and swimmers with severe coordination problems in all limbs are also included in this sport class. S4 SB3 SM4: Swimmers who can use their arms and have minimal weakness in their hands, but cannot use their trunk or legs. Athletes with amputations of three limbs also swim in this sport class. S5 SB4 SM5: Swimmers with short stature and an additional impairment, with loss of control over one side of their body (hemiplegia) or with paraplegia compete in this sport class. S6 SB5 SM6: This sport class includes swimmers with short stature, amputations of both arms and moderate coordination problems on one side of their body. S7 SB6 SM7: This profile is designated for athletes with one leg and one arm amputation on opposite sides, double leg amputations or a paralysis of one arm and one leg on the same side. Moreover, swimmers with full control over arms and trunk and some leg function can compete in this class. S8 SB7 SM8: Swimmers who have lost either both hands or one arm are eligible to compete in this sport class. Also, athletes with severe restrictions in the joints of the lower limbs could compete in this sport class. S9 SB8 SM9: Athletes in this sport class swim with joint restrictions in one leg, double below-the knee amputations or an amputation of one leg. S10 SB9 SM10: This class describes the minimal impairments of eligible swimmers with physical impairment. Eligible impairments would be the loss of a hand or both feet and a significantly limited function of one hip joint. Sport Classes 11-13: Visual Impairment, Swimmers with visual impairment compete in the sport classes 11-13, with 11 meaning a complete or nearly complete loss of sight and 13 describing the minimum eligible visual impairment. Athletes in sport class 11 compete with blackened goggles. Sport Classes 14: Intellectual impairment, Swimmers with intellectual impairment who also meet the sport-specific criteria compete in sport class 14. Table tennis: Included impairment types: physical impairment and intellectual impairment. Is a Paralympic sport which follows the rules set by the International Table Tennis Federation with slight modifications for wheelchair athletes. Athletes from all disability groups can take part. Sport Classes: Paralympic Table tennis is divided into eleven sport classes: Sitting classes: CLASS 1: Players have no sitting balance and a severely affected playing arm, for example due to a spinal-cord lesion or polio. CLASS 2: Players in this sport class also have no sitting balance, but their playing arm is less affected than described in sport class 1. CLASS 3: While class 3 players have no trunk control, their arms and hands are not or minimally affected by the impairment. CLASS 4: Players have a fair sitting balance and fully functional arms and hands. Such a profile may be due to a lower spinal-cord lesion or cerebral palsy. CLASS 5: This sport class includes athletes who compete in a wheelchair, like athletes with a sport class 1-4, but who have normal sitting balance, arm and hand function. Standing Classes: CLASS 6: Players have severe impairments in both arms and legs, which is due to incomplete spinal cord injuries, neurological conditions which affect both or one side of the body, amputations or similar congenital conditions. You will see some players handling the racket with their mouth. CLASS 7: Players either have very severe impairments of the legs or the playing arm or impairments affecting arms and legs, less severe than described in sport class 6. For example, a player with an amputation of both arms above the elbow could compete in this sport class. CLASS 8: Athletes with moderate impairment of their legs or moderately affected playing arm compete in this sport class. Classified as these conditions are stiffness of both knees or a below elbow amputation of the playing arm. CLASS 9: Players have mild impairments affecting the legs or the playing arm. Some show severe impairments of the non-paying arm, such as an amputation above the elbow. Athletes with a stiff knee or a restricted range of motion in a joint of the playing arm may also compete in this sport class. CLASS 10: Players have minimal impairments and may include a stiff ankle or wrist of the playing arm. Players with short stature may also play in sport class 10. CLASS 11: Includes athletes with intellectual impairment who also meet sport specific criteria for table tennis. Wheelchair basketball: Included impairment types: physical impairment. Basketball is played by people in wheelchairs and is considered one of the major disabled sports practiced. Basketball is open to wheelchair athletes, whose impairments may include paraplegia, lower limb amputation, cerebral palsy and polio. On the game each team fields five players but may not exceed a total of 14 points at any given time. Sport Classes: Paralympic Wheelchair Basketball is divided into five sport classes: Athletes are classified according to physical ability and are given a points rating. CLASS 1.0: Players in sport class 1.0 have no trunk control and thus cannot bent forward or sideways or rotate to catch and pass the ball. To keep a stable position, the backrest of the wheelchair is a bit higher and the athletes are strapped to the wheelchair. CLASS 2.0: These players can move lean forward and rotate their body to some extent, allowing them to catch the ball within a larger radius. Like their team members in sport class 1.0, their wheelchairs have a higher backrest and strapping for trunk support. CLASS 3.0: This profile describes players whose trunk control allows them to fully rotate and lean forward, but does not allow them to lean to the sides. As they do not need sitting support, their wheelchair has a low backrest. CLASS 4.0: While 4.0 players can move forward and rotate like their team members in sport class 3.0, they can partially lean to the sides as well. Often players in this sport class can lean to one side only, for example, because an impairment in one leg would cause a loss of balance to the other side. CLASS 4.5: Players in this sport class have the least eligible impairment and have no restriction in trunk rotation or leaning forward or sideways. Players with a foot amputation or a 6 cm leg length difference would be eligible for this sport class. Wheelchair fencing: Included impairment types: physical impairment. Is a version of Fencing for athletes with a disability. Fencing is open to wheelchair athletes, whose impairments may include spinal cord injuries, lower limb amputation and cerebral palsy. Sport Classes: Paralympic Wheelchair fencing is divided into two sport classes. CATEGORY A: Fencers in Category A have good trunk control, allowing them to move forward and sideways when attracting their opponent or dodging an attack. Also, their fencing arm is fully functional. CATEGORY B: Fencers in Category B either have worse trunk control than described in category A and a normal fencing arm, or they have normal trunk control and minimally reduced function in their fencing arm. Wheelchair rugby: Included impairment types: physical impairment. Is a team sport for athletes with a disability. Wheelchair rugby athletes are classified using a points system; each team is comprised of four players and is allowed a maximum of eight points on court at any one time. Sport Classes: Paralympic Wheelchair rugby is divided into seven sport classes. Below you will find a short description of four out of seven sport class profiles. CLASS 0.5: Players in sport class 0.5 show significant shoulder instability and limitations in their upper arm and hand functions. Most have no trunk or leg control. The player would typically catch the ball by tapping it into the lap and throw the ball with a scoop pass. CLASS 1.5: Players in sport class 1.5 have better shoulder stability and arm and wrist function than players in sport class 0.5. They can do chest passes, but the instability of their wrist makes ball handling difficult. Some players might have one side of their body more strongly affected than the other side. CLASS 2.5: Players in this sport class have good shoulder stability and arm function. They might have some trunk control. Due to their ability to flex their fingers, they can perform overhead passes, catch the ball with two hands and maneuver the wheelchair better than their team mates in the lower sport classes. CLASS 3.5: This is the sport class describing the least severe eligible impairment in wheelchair rugby. Due to a less significant impairment of their shoulders, trunk, arms and hands, they are good ball handlers and can move quickly on the court. Wheelchair tennis: Included impairment types: physical impairment. Is one of the forms of tennis adapted for those who have disabilities in their lower bodies. In wheelchair tennis competitions, players are allowed two bounces of the ball, the first bounce being within the bounds of the court. Sport Classes: Paralympic Wheelchair tennis is divided into two sport classes. OPEN CLASS: This sport class is designated for athletes, who have a significant and permanent impairment of one or both legs and normal arm function. This profile may match with athletes with paraplegia or leg amputations. QUAD CLASS: Players in this class have an impairment affecting their arm function, as well as their legs. This limits their ability to grip the racket and to move in the wheelchair. 2.2.1.2 Winter sports (International Paralympic Committee, (2007). [online]). Paralympic alpine skiing, Paralympic biathlon, Paralympic cross-county skiing: Included impairment types: physical impairment, visual impairment and intellectual impairment. Nordic skiing disciplines in the Winter Paralympic Games are an adaptation of alpine skiing, biathlon and cross-county skiing for athletes with a disability. Sport Classes: Paralympic alpine and Nordic ski racing are divided into three groups. Standing classes. LW 1: Double leg amputation above the knee, moderate to severe cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment. LW 2: Single leg amputation above the knee. LW 3: Double leg amputation below the knee, mild cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment. LW 4: Single leg amputation below the knee. LW 5/7-1: Double arm amputation above the elbow. LW 5/7-2: Double arm amputation, one above and one below the elbow. LW 6/8-1: Single arm amputation above the elbow. LW 6/8-2: Single arm amputation below the elbow. LW 9-1: Amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg above the knee. Sitting classes. LW 10-1: Paraplegia with no upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance. LW 10-2: Paraplegia with some upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance. LW 11: Paraplegia with fair functional sitting balance. LW 12-1: Paraplegia with some leg function and good sitting balance. LW 12-2: Double leg amputation above the knees. Visually impaired B1: Totally blind. B2: Visual acuity of less than 2/60. B3: Visual acuity of 2/60 to 6/60. Ice Sledge hockey: Included impairment types: physical impairment and intellectual impairment. Is a sport that was designed to allow participants who have a physical disability to play the game of ice hockey. Sport Classes: Paralympic Ice Sledge hockey is divided into five groups. Amputation: - through the ankle. Paresis: - loss of 10 muscle points in both legs (not counting grade 1 and 2; maximal point score 80). Joint mobility: - ankylosis (fusion) of ankle joint - extension defect of at least 30 degrees orankylosis of knee joint. Cerebral Palsy: - spasticity/dyscoordination, corresponding to class 7. Leg shortening: - at least 7 centimeters. 3. INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPICS GAMES COMMITTEE (IPC): STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS The motto of the IPC is “Spirit in motion” The word “Spirit” is derived from the notion that the IPC, like athletes it represents, has a drive to compete and to succeed. “Motion”, on the other hand relates to the fact that the IPC is truly moving forward, an organization that realizes it’s potential and is now striving to achieve it. (Girgonov, 2010. pp.205). The Paralympic Movement is a worldwide network of organizations united together through their commitment to bring sporting opportunities for Para-athletes i.e., all athletes from ordinary to elite, and through the confidence of contribute to an improved world with same opportunities for all people. The Paralympic Movement is built around the important standards of courage, determination, inspiration and equality. 3.1 International Paralympics committee. 3.1.1 The Athletes. There is no question about that without athletes; there would be no Paralympic Games no Paralympic sports. All athletes are at the soul of the Paralympic Movement. They are reinforced by extensive structures which hold, in particular, local clubs, National and International Federations and National Paralympic Committees. As role figures in society athletes are able to do a big contribution to the Paralympic Movement equally by raising the outline of sport and recreation through communities and by becoming standard bearers for future generations. Athletes should be stimulated to play an important part in the organization and growth of sport. Athletes are also guarantee that they all can compete on a level playing field through flawless standards of judging and referee, rules and norms of the highest order; and total ethical of judge and referees. Athletes participating in Paralympic sports have an impairment that brings it to a competitive difficulty in sport. Consequently, is need a system that placed in place to minimize the influence of impairments on sport performance and to make sure the success of an athlete is proper divided by skill, fitness, power, endurance, tactical ability and mental focus. This structure is called classification. The clearness and efficiency of the eligibility principles are compromised by the use of terminology that are not standardize, such as “functionally be equated” (International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF) system), “similar condition” (Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA) system), and “resembling” (International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (ISOD) system). (Girgonov, 2010). Classifications offer a structure for competition. Classification systems vary by sport and were established by the International Federations (IF) governing the sport. IFs choose which impairment group their sport will cater for. Some Paralympic sports are only considered for athletes with one impairment type. Furthermore choose how severe an impairment has to be in order for an athlete to be qualified to compete in their sport. For an athlete to be qualified the impairment must be severe enough that it influences his or her sport performance, if an athlete has a motion limitation coming from an impairment that is not permanent and/or does not limit the athlete's ability to participate fairly in elite sport with athletes with an impairment, the athlete should be considered unqualified to compete. Sport Rules of the IFs are the only rule on the eligibility of an athlete to participate in the Games. The Paralympic Movement is dedicated to the progress of evidence based in the classification systems, so that athletes who improve their competitive performance through efficient training will not be relocated to a class with athletes who have less activity restriction but will be compensated by becoming more competitive with the class they were assigned. Athletes as role figure in society and integral peace in the organization and progress of sport, have a special duty to guarantee that no forbidden substance go in his/her body. To encourage and guard the integrity of sport and the health of athletes, the IPC, together with International Federations (IFs) and the National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) created the IPC Anti-Doping Code. The goal of the code is to defend the athlete’s right to contribute in doping free sport and therefore encourage health, fairness and equality. In accordance to the Anti-doping Code article 2.1.1 In case of been holding any of the prohibited substance mentioned in the IPC Anti- Doping list, the athlete will be responsible for any prohibited substance or its metabolites or markers found to be present in his/her sample and it doesn’t matter if was the athlete intent, fault, negligence or knowing use (IPC Anti-Doping Code 2011, ed. 4). Therefore Paralympic athletes often obtain a Therapeutic Use Exception (TUE) that prove his/her medical situation requiring the use of a forbidden substance or forbidden technique. In an Athlete’s testimonial the athlete Yu Chui Yee Alison state that: “Every athlete is training so hard to compete. Therefore, they should have the opportunity to compete in a fair game. For athletes and coaches, we have no excuse to ignore the anti-doping code; ignorance is not a reason to cheat. It is the responsibility of athletes, coaches and all of us to maintain the sport in clean and fair” Being an athlete does not end on the athletics track, in a pool or on a court. Same as any inhabitant in the world, an athlete has to demonstrate that he is proficient, dynamic and capable of referring any issue. Like any person in the world, an athlete has a right and responsibility to express himself, to make his idea heard and to play a greater role within the sport movement on local, national, regional and international levels and outside the sports field within society in general. As athletes and as human beings, they have to inspire clean sport and show a good example for the new generation. Sport is playing an increasingly important role in a world of changing economic, political, cultural and social systems. Presently living in a golden time for sport. Since the earliest times, never has sport occupied such a significant place in society as today. This situation has mostly been accomplished by the athletes themselves, motivated by sporting excellence, and also by the positive influence of performing very successful Paralympic Games. 3.1.2 Paralympic Games. The Paralympic Games are commonly known as an exclusive and special experience; ensure to leave a rich legacy of remarkable memories to all sportsmen, staff members and spectators. Today they have expected the significant on a worldwide scale that has taken sport from a recreational and rehabilitative activity partially privileged few, to a universal audience across the world. The Games as they are today represent a truly exceptional sporting phenomenon. They are the highest multi-sport event in the world today. Even though the Games are seen as the highpoint of all sporting, they’ve been taken far more than just a sport event. The world sees the Games as a festivity of harmony and peace but also diversity. The Games are the only worldwide event, which connects sporting superiority with fundamental human values. Is the only event that has the control to involve the entire world and to transport the social, urban and economic regeneration to a city, while touching all generations through sport. The Paralympic Games are at all times held in the same period and place as the Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Paralympic Committee (IPC) signed on 19th June, 2001 agreement in which they assume to cooperate in the organization of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Since 2012, the host for the Olympic Games also hosts the Paralympic Games. Athletes who practice and prepare for the high sport event since the mid- 1980s were the new type of Paralympians that controls the mass sporting event that the Movement is showcased after two decades later. Athletes are not anymore inspire or gradually able to participate at the international level in two different sports, since the performance standards and the number of athletes participating for the limit of number of places accessible on teams has meant vastly increased competition for place. The Paralympic Games are the ultimate sporting event for athletes from five groups of various types of disabilities. The emphasis is not on the actual asset disability, but on athletic performance. (Girgonov, 2010. pp.191) The Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of the career of Paralympic athletes and a motivation for many to participate or engage in Paralympic sports. They also represent the most visible element of the Paralympic Movement and its values. Thus they represent a showcase to a worldwide audience and act as primary vehicle to change perceptions and to leave tangible legacies. Finally, the Paralympic Games also guarantee the majority of the IPC’s funding. Given their central role it is the goal to safeguard the high standard of the Paralympic Games and continue to develop their appeal to all participants. (IPC Strategic plan, 2011-2014). The Paralympic Games have developed dramatically. Dr. Ludwig Guttmann created Paralympic Sport in 1940’s as an addition for the rehabilitation method. As the Paralympic Movement developed, the emphasis goes away from rehabilitation and was focused on sport. The number of athletes competing has increased from 400 in Rome in 1960 (IPC Annual report, 2009) to 3,951 athletes in Beijing in 2008 (IPC Annual report, 2009) with same percentage growth in the Paralympic Winter Games (Table 2a-2b). The numbers of sports, media attention, sponsor awareness, spectator appearance and global viewers have grown to convert the Paralympic Games one of the principal multisport events worldwide. The accomplishment of the Games is connected an extensive and complex network of Games investors and focused on the ability to work together. The connection between partners and the IPC is very significant to deliver a great quality and impeccably executed elite sport event like the Paralympic Games. The Games have the capability to deliver positive legacies (sporting, social, cultural, environmental and urban legacies), which will have eternal impact on the point of view and reputation of the Games. Paralympic Games host cities. Summer
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