Ballston spa high school advanced Placement United States History fall semester september 2011
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HAMILTONIAN FEDERALISTS |
JEFFERSONAIN REPUBLICANS |
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TYPE of GOVERNMENT |
Supported a strong central government to maintain law & order; crush democratic excesses (Shays’ Rebellion) Federal government should protect life & property of the wealthy. |
Democratic-Republicans believed the best government was one that governed least. The bulk of power should be retained by the states. Limit federal authority via strict interpretation of Constitution |
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WHO SHOULD RULE? |
Believed in gov't by upper class (the "best people") The rich had more leisure time to study problems of governing and enjoyed the advantages of intelligence, education, & culture. John Jay: "Those who own the country ought to govern it." |
Advocated the rule of the people; government for the people However, only by those who were literate enough to inform themselves. Believed in the wisdom of the common people; teachability of the masses |
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ROLE of the COMMON MAN |
Distrusted the common people. Regarded democracy as a "mobocracy" and believed democracy too important to be left to the people. |
Biggest appeal was to the middle class and the underprivileged -- yeoman farmers, laborers, artisans, and small shopkeepers. |
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ECONOMY |
Federal gov't should encourage business, not interfere with it. The Federalists were dominated by merchants, manufacturers, & shippers Most lived in urban areas of the eastern seaboard where commerce & manufacturing flourished. |
Jeffersonians themselves were primarily agrarians and insisted on no special privileges for special classes, esp. manufacturers. They believed Farming was an ennobling profession. |
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FOREIGN AFFAIRS |
The Federalist were Pro-British in foreign policy WHY? Foreign trade with Britain was key in Hamilton's plan. Many Federalists were mild Loyalists |
The Jeffersonian Republicans were basically pro-French They supported liberal ideas of the French Revolution. Believed in freedom of speech to expose tyranny. |
SOURCE LINKS:
www.historysage.com
www.teach12.com
Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit (1791) Hamilton's "Report on Manufactures" laid forth economic principles rooted in both the Mercantilist System of Elizabeth I's England and the practices of Jean-Baptiste Colbert of France. The principal ideas of the "Report" would later be incorporated into the "American System" program by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and his Whig Party. Abraham Lincoln, who called himself a "Henry Clay tariff Whig" during his early years, would later make the principles outlined in the "Report" and furthered by Clay's "American System" program cornerstones, together with opposition to the institution and expansion of slavery, of the fledgling Republican Party.
Jay’s Treaty (1794)
a treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. Jay was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. Because of this, many Southerners especially, were angry and rioted and called John Jay the "Damn'd Arch traitor."
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)
Gave America what they demanded from the Spanish. Free navigation of the Mississippi, large area of north Florida. (helped America to have unexpected diplomatic success) Jay Treaty-helped prompt the Spanish to deal with the port of New Orleans.
Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)
The Farewell Address was a document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn't given orally, but was printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. The document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France.
Midnight appointments
Nov 1800 – Adams and the Federalist lost control of the Presidency and Congress as Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans were to take office in March. In order for the Federalists to keep any control they had to dominate the only remaining branch – the Judiciary. Federalist Congress then passed a new law Judiciary Act of 1801. Reduced the number of Supreme Court Justices. Created new judgeships – including Justice of the Peace. Some of the last commission were signed at midnight prior to Jefferson’s Inauguration (“Midnight Judges”)
Revolution of 1800
The two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams, but tied with each other. The final decision went the House of Representatives, where there was another tie. After a long series of ties in the House, Jefferson was finally chosen as president. Burr became vice-president. This led to the 12th Amendment, which requires the president and vice-president of the same party to run on the same ticket. Revolution of 1800
Jefferson’s election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."
Judiciary Act of 1801
The Midnight Judges Act (also known as the Judiciary Act of 1801; 2 Stat. 89) represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the justices of the Supreme Court to “ride circuit” and reiterate decisions made in the appellate level courts.[1] The Supreme Court justices had often voiced concern and suggested that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided.
XYZ Affair
Requests of bribes in exchange for negotiations by France. French ships were seizing U.S. vessels carrying British goods since the two countries were at war. 1797 President Adams sent a delegation to Paris in 1797 (including John Marshall). The U.S. delegates secretly approached by three French agents- XYZ . They demanded a large loan and a bribe of $250.000 for the privilege of talking to French foreign minister Talleyrand. Negotiations broke down and Marshall came home—seen as a hero War hysteria swept the U.S.
Chisholm v Georgia
In 1792 in South Carolina, Alexander Chisholm, the executor of the estate of Robert Farquhar, attempted to sue the state of Georgia in the Supreme Court over payments due him for goods that Farquhar had supplied Georgia during the American Revolutionary War. United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph argued the case for the plaintiff before the Court. The defendant, Georgia, refused to appear, claiming that, as a "sovereign" state, it could not be sued without granting its consent to the suit. In a 4 to 1 decision, the Court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, with Chief Justice John Jay and Associate Justices John Blair, James Wilson, and William Cushing constituting the majority; only Justice Iredell dissented. (In that time, there was no "opinion of the Court" or "majority opinion"; the Justices delivered their opinions individually and in ascending order of seniority.) The Court argued that Article 3, Section 2, of the Constitution abrogated the States’ sovereign immunity and granted federal courts the affirmative power to hear disputes between private citizens and States.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
Washington for President
Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox
1. Was Washington an important president? Explain.
The Bill of Rights
Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay
2. What important steps were taken by the first congress?
Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit
Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts
3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia?
Customs Duties and Excise Taxes
Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes
4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America.
Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank
Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause
5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton?
Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania
Know: Whiskey Rebellion
6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain.
The Emergence of Political Parties
Know: Factions, Parties
7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad?
The Impact of the French Revolution
Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror
8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists?
Washington's Neutrality Proclamation
Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet
9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.
Embroilments with Britain
Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville
10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans?
Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell
Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address
11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty.
John Adams Becomes President
Know: John Adams, High Federalists
12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president?
Unofficial Fighting with France
Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute
13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century?
Adams Puts Patriotism above Party
Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800
14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career?
The Federalist Witch Hunt
Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act
15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions
Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification
16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain.
Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans
17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans?
Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic – Big Picture Themes
1. Jefferson’s election was considered a “revolution” because he represented the common people for the first time.
2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jefferson’s actions were sluggish.
3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North.
4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S.
5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the “free seas.” They declared the War of 1812 with England.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did. This is judicial review.
Henry Clay
Clay was a Political Scientist during the 1820's. He was also a Congressman from Kentucky. He developed the American System which US adopted after the War of 1812. The American System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and canal for better transportation. (The American System started a cycle to trading for US market)
Essex Junto (a junto is a group of persons joined for a common purpose) 1812
A group of lawyers and merchants from Essex County, Massachusetts. These Federalists supported Alexander Hamilton and the Massachusetts radicals. When Hamilton was offered a place in the plot to secede New England from the Union, he denied the offer. Consequently, the Essex Junto tried to vie support from Aaron Burr, who accepted the offer from the Junto. The first attempt to break off New England from the Union failed since it was unable to gain support from the major power brokers in the state of New York.
Burr Conspiracy
After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr’s punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr.
Impressment
British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.
Chesapeake/Leopard Incident (1807)
The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.
Non-intercourse Act (1807)
In the last four days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the United States Congress replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March 1809. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. The intent was to damage the economies of the United Kingdom and France. Like its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the War of 1812. In addition, it seriously damaged the economy of the United States. The Non-Intercourse Act was followed by Macon's Bill Number 2. It was signed on March 1, 1809. This with the Embargo Act also stimulated national economy and helped industrialize America during this time period. Additionally, Thomas Jefferson also created neutrality rights which posed the opportunity, that if British
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
Intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well.
William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought on November 7, 1811, between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation led by his younger brother Tenskwatawa. In response to rising tensions with the tribes and threats of war, a United States force of militia and regulars set out to launch a preemptive strike on the headquarters of the confederacy. While camping at the confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, outside Prophetstown, awaiting a meeting with tribal leaders, Harrison's army was attacked in the early morning hours by forces from the town. Although the tribal forces took the army by surprise, their assault was ultimately repulsed as the attackers' ammunition ran low.
War Hawks
originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812. The term has evolved into an informal Americanism used to describe a political stance of being for aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country, or organization. This term is usually contrasted with the term dovish, which alludes to the more peaceful dove. The term war hawks, in modern use, describes those who seek war on a country or region.
Battle of Horseshoe bend (1812)
United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.
Hartford Convention (1814)
During the War of 1812, New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed. The end of the war — with a return to the status quo ante bellum — disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places.
Treaty of Ghent (24 December 1814)
signed in Ghent (modern day Belgium, then in limbo between the First French Empire and United Kingdom of the Netherlands), was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Because of the era's slow communications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, and the Battle of New Orleans was fought after it was signed.
Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), between a coalition of Native Americans & Frontiers men, known as the Western Confederacy, and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. The United States was represented by General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, who led the victory at Fallen Timbers. In exchange for goods to the value of $20,000 (such as blankets, utensils, and domestic animals), the Native Americans turned over to the United States large parts of modern-day Ohio.
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814, but news of the peace would not reach the combatants until February. The battle is widely regarded as the greatest American land victory of the war.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign
1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
Know: Aaron Burr
2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.
3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Know: Pell-mell
4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"
Jeffersonian Restraint
Know: Albert Gallatin
5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess.
The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary
Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase
6. What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats
7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?
The Louisiana Godsend
Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture
Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States.
Louisiana in the Long View
Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike
9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?
America: A Nutcracked Neutral
Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake
10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States?
The Hated Embargo
Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act
11. Who opposed the embargo and why?
Madison’s Gamble
Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2
12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison
13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?
"Mr. Madison's War"
Know: War of 1812
14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?
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Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism –
1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans.
2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war.
3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the “American System” to build up the economy.
4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to “stay away!”
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Rush-Bagot Agreement (1818)
A treaty between the United States and Britain ratified by the United States Senate on April 16, 1818. The treaty provided for a large demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained. The treaty stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel (no more than 100 tons burden) as well as one cannon (no more than eighteen pounds) on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. The remaining Great Lakes permitted the United States and British North America to keep two military vessels "of like burden" on the waters armed with "like force". The treaty, and the separate Treaty of 1818, laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America.
Second Bank of the United States
It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.
Francis Cabot Lowell
An American businessman for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, United States is named, and who was instrumental in bringing the Industrial Revolution to the United States. Lowell also pioneered the employment of women, from the age of 15-35 from New England farming families, as textile workers, in what became known as the Lowell system. He paid these "mill girls"(also known as Lowell girls) lower wages than men, but offered attractive benefits including well-run company boardinghouses with chaperones, cash wages, and benevolent religious and educational activities
Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)
The years of Monroe's presidency, during 1817-1825 people had good feelings caused by the nationalistic pride after the Battle of New Orleans and second war for Independence with British, only one political party was present, on the surface everything looked fine, but underneath it all everything was troubled, conflict over slavery was appearing and sectionalism was inevitable, Missouri Compromise had a very dampening effect on those good feelings
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Transcontinental Treaty or the Purchase of Florida, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (now Mexico). It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy
Panic of 1819
In 1819 the boom that had followed the War of 1812 ended. The downturn that followed was triggered by the revival of European agriculture after the ending of the Napoleonic Wars and by the contraction of credit instituted by the Second Bank of the United States, which was paying off loans that had been made to finance the Louisiana Purchase. Sales of undeveloped land on the frontier then slowed to a trickle, and the price of cotton and other crops dropped sharply. Many farmers were unable to pay their debts, and this led to foreclosures and to numerous bank failures. The bad times lasted until about 1822. Although the Bank of the United States was not really responsible for the troubles, many Westerners blamed it. Among them was Andrew Jackson, who took his revenge, so to speak, by vetoing a bill to extend the charter of the bank in 1832.
Tallmadge Amendment (1819)
A bill proposed on 13 February 1819 by Rep. James Tallmadge of New York to amend Missouri enabling legislation by forbidding the further introduction of slavery into Missouri and declaring that all children born of slave parents after the admission of the state should be free upon reaching the age of twenty-five. The bill provoked heated debate in Congress and nationwide agitation, marking the beginning of sectional controversy over the expansion of slavery. The slave section was convinced of the necessity of maintaining equal representation in the Senate. The House adopted the amendment but the Senate rejected it. The Missouri Compromise (1820) settled the issue.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
An act passed by the U.S. Congress admitting Missouri to the Union as the 24th state. After the territory requested statehood without slavery restrictions, Northern congressmen tried unsuccessfully to attach amendments restricting further slaveholding. When Maine (originally part of Massachusetts) requested statehood, a compromise led by Henry Clay allowed Missouri admission as a slave state and Maine as a free state, with slavery prohibited from then on in territories north of Missouri's southern border. Clay's compromise appeared to settle the slavery-extension issue but highlighted the sectional division.
John Marshall
Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, appointed in 1801 by President John Adams. In the 34 years that Marshall presided over the Supreme Court, the federal powers of the judicial branch were defined and strengthened.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
U.S. foreign-policy statement first enunciated by Pres. James Monroe on Dec. 2, 1823, declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. Concerned that the European powers would attempt to restore Spain's former colonies, he declared, inter alia, that any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
On to Canada over Land and Lakes
Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough
1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada.
Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans
2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain.
The Treaty of Ghent
Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay
3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention
4. What did the Hartford Convention do?
The Second War for American Independence
5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812?
Nascent Nationalism
Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur
What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?
"The American System"
Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal
7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings
8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?
The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times
Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819
9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819.
Growing Pains of the West
10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?
Slavery and the Sectional Balance
Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution
11. Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?
The Uneasy Missouri Compromise
Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night"
12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden
13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."
Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster
14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.
Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida
Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819
15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.
The Menace of Monarchy in America
Know: George Canning
16. How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?
Monroe and His Doctrine
Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine
17. How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?
Monroe's Doctrine Appraised
18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.
Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy – Big Picture Themes
1. Andrew Jackson felt he’d been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the people’s sake, and did so.
2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to “nullify” or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery.
3. Jackson distrusted banks—he thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos.
4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that it’s known as today.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
American System (1824)
A plan proposed by Henry Clay, in 1824, to work on economic reform. Henry Clay wanted to help stabilize the country and begin the pursuit for worked recognition. The plan called for a protective tariff to be put in place for the manufacturers, a new Federal Bank to be put in place, and to begin work on many internal improvements.
Corrupt Bargain
Immediately after John Quincy Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as Secretary of State. Jacksonians were furious because all former Secretaries of State became Presidents. This "corrupt bargain" occurred after the Election of 1824 when Andrew Jackson had the most electoral votes, but not majority. Then, Henry Clay (having the least of the electoral votes) gave them to John Q. Adams, giving him the majority and making him President. Jacksonians question whether John Q. Adams made Henry Clay Sec. of State for payback in giving his votes.
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
In 1828, the US Congress passed the first import Tariff, a protective tax. The tariff increased the cost of imported goods, and thus protected some of the new industries of the North. The South, whose economy was based on the export of the cotton and did not manufacture significant products opposed the tariff, as a result, the tariff became known as the "tariff of Abominations". today
Nullification
What: states that any law passed by the federal government can be declared null and void by the states When: 1828; the South was extremely upset about the extremely high Tariff of Abominations. " The South Carolina Exposition" written by John C. Calhoun denounced the tariff as unjust and unconstitutional. The document bluntly proposed that the states should nullify the Tariff. Why: The theory of this nullification was further publicized. The even more dangerous doctrine of secession was foreshadowed.
Force Bill
The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
Five Civilized Tribes
The Five Civilized Tribes were the five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers during the colonial and early federal period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. George Washington and Henry Knox proposed cultural transformation for Native Americans; the Cherokee and Choctaw were successful at integrating aspects of European-American culture which they found useful. The Five Civilized Tribes lived in the Southeastern United States before the government forced their relocation under Indian Removal to other parts of the country, especially the future state of Oklahoma.
Trail of Tears (1838)
The Trail of Tears was the relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the present-day United States. It has been described as an act of genocide. The removal included many members of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, and Choctaw nations among others in the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (eastern sections of the present-day state of Oklahoma). The phrase originated from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831. Many Native Americans suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while on route to their destinations, and many died, including 4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee.
Nicholas Biddle
An American financier who served as the president of the Second Bank of the United States.
1832 - Jackson, in his veto message of the re-charter of the Second Bank of the U.S., said that the bank was a monopoly that catered to the rich, and that it was owned by the wealthy and by foreigners.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.
Martin Van Buren
The eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the 10th Secretary of State under Andrew Jackson (1829–1831). He was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president not of British descent—his family was Dutch. He was the first president to be born an American citizen, his predecessors having been born British subjects before the American Revolution.
Specie Circular (1836)
The Specie Circular (Coinage Act) was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.
Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)
A famous debate in the U.S. between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 regarding protectionist tariffs. The heated speeches between Webster and Hayne themselves were unplanned, and stemmed from debate over a resolution by Connecticut Senator Samuel Foote calling for the temporary suspension of further land surveying until land already on the market was sold (this would effectively stop the introduction of new lands onto the market). Webster's "Second Reply to Hayne" (1830) was generally regarded as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress .
The Battle of the Alamo (1836)
A pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar (modern-day San Antonio, Texas). All but two of the Texian defenders were killed. Santa Anna's perceived cruelty during the battle inspired many Texians—both Texas settlers and adventurers from the United States—to join the Texian Army. Buoyed by a desire for revenge, the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the revolution.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
The "Corrupt Bargain” or 1824
Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain
1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?
A Yankee Misfit in the White House
Know: John Quincy Adams
2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain.
Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828
Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards
3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election.
“Old Hickory” as President
Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob
4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people?
The Spoils System
Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office
5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System.
The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey
6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations?
"Nullies" in South Carolina
Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill
Describe the nullification crisis.
The Trail of Tears
Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles
8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?
The Bank War
Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle
9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddle’s nickname, “Czar Nicholas I?” Explain.
"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832
Know: Anti-Masonic Party
10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832?
Burying Biddle’s Bank
Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular
11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess.
The Birth of the Whigs
Know: Democrats, Whigs
12. What is so alluring about being associated with “the common man?”
The Election of 1836
Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren
13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836.
Big Woes for the "Little Magician"
Know: Martin Van Buren
14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular?
Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury
15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it?
Gone to Texas
Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett
16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans?
The Lone Star Rebellion
Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto
17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both?
The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"
18. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time?
The Two-Party System
19. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs?
Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy – Big Picture Themes
1. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves.
2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitney’s “interchangeable parts” Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture.
3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home.
4. The nation became “smaller” and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
American Industrial Revolution
Began in the 1750's in Britain with a group of inventors perfecting textile machines. These British developments eventually found their way into American Industry. Factories were made to work with the South's raw textiles Industrialization started in the North because of its dense population, reliance of shipping, and its number of seaports The rapid rivers of the North also provided power for turning the cogs of machines The majority of the industrialization occurred between the 1790's and the 1860's
Nativist
One who advocates policies favoring native-born citizens and displays hostility or prejudice toward immigrants. “The invasion of this so-called immigrant “rabble’...inflamed the prejudices of American ‘nativists.’”
Canal Age
The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without quick, inexpensive transportation. Yet in the early 19th century, the rapidly expanding nation and the lack of road and navigable waterways isolated much of America's interior from the markets in the east and west. Canals were an important step in creating transportation route from the natural resources to the factories and markets. Inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, the Delaware & Raritan Canal was built at the height of the canal building era (1790-1860). In 1817, there were barely 100 miles of canals in America, but by 1840 more than 3000 miles had been dug.
Samuel Slater
British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.
Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin
The cotton gin is a machine that would separate the seed from the short-staple cotton fiber that was fifty times more effective than the handpicking process. It was constructed by Eli Whitney. It was developed in 1793 in Georgia. It was used all over the South. The cotton gin brought a miraculous change to the U.S. and the world. Practically overnight the production of the cotton was very profitable. Not only the South prospered, but the North as well. Many acres were cleared westward to make more room for cotton.
Elias Howe
American inventor and sewing machine pioneer. Howe spent his childhood and early adult years in Massachusetts where he apprenticed in a textile factory in Lowell beginning in 1835. After mill closings due to the Panic of 1837, he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to work as a mechanic with carding machinery, apprenticing along with his cousin Nathaniel P. Banks. Beginning in 1838, he apprenticed in the shop of Ari Davis, a master mechanic in Cambridge who specialized in the manufacture and repair of chronometers and other precision instruments. It was in the employ of Davis that Howe seized upon the idea of the sewing machine.
Lowell/Waltham System
A labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th Century. The system used domestic labor, often referred to as mill girls, who came to the new textile centers from rural towns to earn more money than was possible at home, and to live a cultured life in "the city". They lived a very regimented life - they lived in company boardinghouses and were held to strict hours and a rigid moral code.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
The Massachusetts Supreme Court (1842) legalized unions for peaceful and honorable protest however, the effectiveness of unions was small (due mostly to their threat of a strike was always undermined by the management’s ability to simply call in “scabs”, plentiful immigrants eager to work)
Erie Canal
A waterway in New York that runs about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, at Lake Erie, completing a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. The canal contains 36 locks and encompasses a total elevation differential of around 565 ft. (169 m). First proposed in 1807, it was under construction from 1817 to 1825 and officially opened on October 26, 1825.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
The Westward Movement
Know: "Self-Reliance"
What were settlers of the frontier like?
Shaping the Western Landscape
Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin
2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain.
The March of the Millions
Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters
3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860?
The Emerald Isle Moves West
Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail
4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an Irish-American became president in 1960? Explain.
The German Forty-Eighters
Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer
5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain.
Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism
Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party
6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated?
Creeping Mechanization
Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution
8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States?
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton
9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain.
Marvels in Manufacturing
Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse
10. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain.
Workers and "Wage Slaves"
Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt
11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's?
Women and the Economy
Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes
12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.)
Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields
Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture
13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers?
Highways and Steamboats
Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton
14. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important?
"Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York
Know: Erie Canal
15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain.
The Iron Horse
16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads.
Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders
Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express
17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain.
The Transport Web Binds the Union
Know: Division of Labor
18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis.
The Market Revolution
Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility
19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War?
Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture
American politics and the transformation or the American economy
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A third revolution accompanied the formation of American politics and the transformation or the American economy in the mid nineteenth century - the desire to improve the character of ordinary citizens and make them more upstanding and god-fearing and literate. What is the Antebellum Period? The time belonging to the period before a war, especially the American Civil War. |
POLITICAL, SOCIAL, and ECONOMIC ISSUES of the ANTEBELLUM PERIOD
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Unfavorable POLITICAL conditions | many Americans were excluded from the political process Women were disenfranchised Free blacks were disenfranchised In some states, property ownership was a requirement for voting |
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Unfavorable ECONOMIC conditions | There were no stay laws (preventing people from going to prison for indebtedness) Oppressed urban workers were attempting to protect themselves by forming unions Unfair tax laws discriminated against small farmers and urban working poor Land was not attainable for many inhabitants of the US Many farmers could not afford their own farm the market economy was susceptible to fluctuations inherent in the business cycle (Panics!!!) |
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Unfavorable SOCIAL conditions | Women were second class citizens Racial discrimination was pervasive Slavery was becoming intolerable Treatment of the mentally ill was inhumane Urban decay – poor housing, sanitation, crime, and disease Working conditions were unsafe and unhealthy Limited public education system, learning was only available to those that could afford it The Native American population was being systematically disseminated by the Indian Removal act |
Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture – Big Picture Themes
1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers.
2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake.
3. Free public schools began in large measure.
4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol.
5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal.
6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Second Great Awakening
A Christian religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, which expressed every person could be saved through revivals. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.
Shakers
A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist.
Mormons
A religious and cultural group founded by Joseph Smith, Jr.. Mormons have developed a unique culture and cohesive communitarianism apart from the rest of American society
Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844. He translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.
Brigham Young
A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.
Transcendentalists
Believed in Transcendentalism, they included Emerson (who pioneered the movement) and Thoreau. Many of them formed cooperative communities such as Brook Farm and Fruitlands, in which they lived and farmed together with the philosophy as their guide. "They sympathize with each other in the hope that the future will not always be as the past." It was more literary than practical - Brook Farm lasted only from 1841 to 1847.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
American lecturer, essayist and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.
Henry David Thoreau
He was a poet, a mystic, a transcendentalist, a nonconformist, and a close friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson who lived from 1817-1862. He condemned government for supporting slavery and was jailed when he refused to pay his Mass. poll tax. He is well known for his novel about the two years of simple living he spent on the edge of Walden Pond called "Walden" , Or Life in the Woods. This novel furthered many idealistic thoughts. He was a great transcendentalist writer who not only wrote many great things, but who also encouraged, by his writings, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
Utopia
is an ideal community or society possessing a perfect socio-politico-legal system. The term has been used to describe both intentional communities that attempt to create an ideal society, and fictional societies portrayed in literature. It has spawned other concepts, most prominently dystopia.
Brook Farm
An experiment in Utopian socialism, it lasted for six years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, Massachusetts.
New Harmony
A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up.
Oneida Community
A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.
Temperance Crusade/ American Temperance Society
An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.
Seneca Falls Convention
July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.
American Colonization Society
Founded in Liberia 1816 by Robert Finley. The founding purpose of the society was to assist freed Southern American slaves to emigrate to Liberia, in an effort to remove them from the United States.
Hudson River School
In about 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
Reviving Religion
Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney
1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century?
Denominational Diversity
Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists)
2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion?
A Desert Zion in Utah (Website of interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view)
Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young
3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors?
Free Schools for a Free People
Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers
4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850?
Higher Goals for Higher Learning
Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines
5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years?
An Age of Reform
Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorothea Dix
6. How and why did Dorothea Dix participate in the reform movements?
Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder"
Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851
7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers.
Women in Revolt
Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments
8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century.
Wilderness Utopias
Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers
9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America?
The Dawn of Scientific Achievement
Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon
10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain.
Makers of America: The Oneida Community
Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism
11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain.
Artistic Achievements
Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster
12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess.
The Blossoming of a National Literature
Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant
13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American?
Trumpeters of Transcendentalism
Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman
14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain.
Glowing Literary Lights
Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson
15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each.
Literary Individualists and Dissenters
Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville
16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places?
Portrayers of the Past
Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman
17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote?
Chapter #16: The South and the Slavery Controversy – Big Picture Themes
1. Cotton ran the South before the Civil War— it was "King Cotton." The entire southern economy was based on cotton.
2. The South had developed a pyramid-like social structure. From top-to-bottom: planter aristocrats, small farmers, the white majority (who owned no slaves), free blacks, slaves.
3. Life as a slave could be wildly varied—some slave owners were kind toward their slaves, some were immensely cruel. In all situations, slaves were not free to do as they pleased.
4. Abolition (move to abolish slavery) began with the Quakers. Frederick Douglass became the main spokesman against slavery. And William Lloyd Garrison printed "The Liberator", a radical abolition newspaper.
5. Southerners countered that northern workers were treated even worse than slaves. Slave owners, they said, had a vested interest in their slaves. Northern factory workers exploited then fired their workers.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Nat Turner
Black priest; led a revolt in Virginia 1831, killed 60 people (mostly women and children). This scared the Southerners because it was the first really violent action of the slaves. As a result slave codes were made stricter.
Sojourner Truth
A freed slave who lived in America during the late 1800's. She was also known as Isabella. From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. She was also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights.
Theodore Dwight Weld
Theodore Dwight Weld was a prominent abolitionist in the 1830's. He was self-educated and very outspoken. Weld put together a group called the "Land Rebels." He and his group traveled across the Old Northwest preaching antislavery gospel. Weld also put together a propaganda pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
An American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) depicted life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote more than 20 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day.
William Lloyd Garrison
A prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement.
David Walker
He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
"Cotton is King!"
Know: Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin
1. What is meant by "Cotton is King?" How did its sovereignty extend beyond the South? What implications did its rule have?
The Planter "Aristocracy"
Know: Chivalry
2. In what ways was the south "basically undemocratic?"
Slaves and the Slave System
Know: One crop economy
3. What were the weaknesses of the South's dependence on cotton?
The White Majority
Know: Yeoman Farmer, hillbilly
4. Why did many whites who did not own slaves support slavery?
Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters
Know: Emancipate, mulattoes
5. Would it have been better to be a free Black in the North or in the South? Explain.
Plantation Slavery
Know: Chattel, natural increase, Harriet Beecher Stowe
6. "...planters regarded slaves as investments [like a mule]...." Explain what was positive and what was negative about this situation for slaves.
Life Under the Lash
Know: Overseer, breaker, Old South, Deep South
7. Give evidence to show that slaves developed a separate, unique culture. What circumstances made this possible?
The Burdens of Bondage
A Quick Timeline of Major Slave Rebellions 1712 to 1831
New York City, 1712
Like many later revolts, this one occurred during a period of social dissension among whites following Leisler's Rebellion. The rebels espoused traditional African religion.
Stono Rebellion, 1739
The Spanish empire enticed slaves of English colonies to escape to Spanish territory. In 1733 Spain issued an edict to free all runaway slaves from British territory who made their way into Spanish possessions. On September 9, 1739, about 20 slaves, mostly from Angola, gathered under the leadership of a slave called Jemmy near the Stono River, 20 miles from Charleston. 44 blacks and 21 whites lost their lives. South Carolina responded by placing import duties on slaves from abroad, strengthening patrol duties and militia training, and recommending more benign treatment of slaves.
Prosser’s Rebellion, 1800
When the day of the revolt arrived though, a violent storm washed out the roads and bridges leading to Richmond. The rebels broke up and Prosser was betrayed by one of his followers. The state militia captured Prosser and he and many of his followers were hanged.
Denmark Vesey's Conspiracy, 1822
This failed insurrection was organized soon after the contentious debate over the admission of Missouri as a slave state. Like Gabriel, Vesey consciously looked to Haiti for inspiration and support.
Nat Turner, 1831
This insurrection took place at a time when slaves in Jamaica had staged one of the largest revolts in history, when radical abolition had arisen in the North, and Britain was debating slave emancipation.
The Burdens of Bondage
Know: Peculiar institution, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner
8. Thomas Jefferson once said that having slaves was like holding a wolf by the ears, you didn't like it but you couldn't let go. How does this section help to explain this statement?
Early Abolitionism
Know: Abolition, The American Colonization Society, Theodore Weld, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Harriet Beecher Stowe
9. Describe some of the early abolitionists.
Radical Abolitionism
Know: William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, David Walker, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass
10. How were the attitudes of William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass different? When dealing with an issue that is moral and political, how rigid should a person be?
The South Lashes Back
11. How did the South defend itself against the attacks of abolitionists?
The Abolitionist Impact in the North
12. How did Northerners view abolitionists? Did they have any success?
Chapter #17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy – Big Picture Themes
1. A boundary dispute with England over Maine was settled peaceably. In the long run, the U.S. likely got the better end of the deal.
2. Texas finally joined the U.S. Since the Texas revolution, it’d been hanging in the balance. American lawmakers finally decided it was too good of a prize to let slip by, so it was annexed in 1845
3. Oregon was next on the list of lands to seal up. It was shared land, mainly between the U.S. and England. After some negotiating over the border, the 49th parallel was agreed upon. Again, the U.S. likely got the better.
4. The election of 1844 saw James K. Polk run on a Manifest Destiny platform. Americans liked the idea, voted him in, and he went after California.
5. When the Mexican-American war was over, the prize of California that Polk had wanted, was obtained. So was all of the modern American Southwest.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
John Tyler
An after-thought Vice President to William Henry Harrison in the election of 1840. He was a democrat but switched over to the Whig Party because he didn't like Andrew Jackson. After Harrison died after a month in office, Tyler took over. Since he was a Democrat in his principle he was against many of the things the Whigs tried to do. He became the first Vice President to take office because of a presidents death.
Slidell’s Mission
American and Mexico were on unfriendly terms with each other. The disagreement came over boundaries along Texas and in California. John Slidell was sent to Mexico in 1845 as a minister, He was given instructions to offer $25 million to the Mexicans for California. He was rejected by the Mexicans and they called this offer "insulting". After Mexico refused it lead to the Mexico American war.
John C. Fremont
A captain and an explorer who was in California with several dozen well-armed men when the Mexican War broke out. He helped to overthrow the Mexican rule in 1846 by collaborating with Americans who had tried to raise the banner of the California Bear Republic. Fremont helped to take California from the inside.
Manifest Destiny
The Manifest Destiny was an emotional upsurge of certain beliefs in the US in the 1840's and 1850's. Citizens of the US believed they should spread their democratic government over the entire North America and possibly extend into South America. The campaign of 1844 was included in this new surge. James Polk represented the Democrats while Henry Clay was nominated by the Whigs. The campaign and mudslinging was as harsh as ever and spread all over the continent.
James K. Polk
Polk was the surprise ("dark horse") candidate for president in 1844, defeating Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party by promising to annex Texas. Polk was a leader of Jacksonian Democracy during the Second Party System. Polk was the last strong pre–Civil War president and the first president whose photographs while in office still survive. He is noted for his foreign policy successes. He threatened war with Britain over the issue of which country owned the Oregon Country, then backed away and split the ownership of the region with Britain. When Mexico rejected American annexation of Texas, Polk led the nation to a sweeping victory in the Mexican-American War, which gave the United States most of its present Southwest. He secured passage of the Walker tariff of 1846, which had low rates that pleased his native South, and he established a treasury system that lasted until 1913.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
A compromise over the Maine boundary; America received more land but England got the Halifax-Quebec route; it patched up the Caroline Affair of 1837
Spot Resolution
Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. After news from president James K. Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American territory, Abraham Lincoln, then a congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldier's blood had been shed. In Polk's report to congress the President stated that the American soldiers fell on American soil, but they actually fell on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to.
The Tariff of 1842
A protective tax that was used to create more money for the government. It was reluctantly passed by President John Tyler. The tariff was made to get the government out of a recession.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Mexico sold the United States all of the southwest for 15 million dollars in agreement that the rights and religion of the Mexican inhabitants of this land would be recognized by the United States government. It was drawn up by Nicholas P. Trist and sent to congress. The anti slavery congressmen passed the treaty and signed it on February 2nd, 1848.
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The "Wilmot Proviso", as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
The Accession of "Tyler Too"
Know: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler
1. "Yet Tyler...should never have consented to run on the ticket." Explain this quote from your text.
John Tyler: A President Without a Party
Know: "His Accidency," Henry Clay
2. What proof can you give of Tyler's unpopularity? What did Tyler do that made Whigs so angry with him?
A War of Words with England
Know: Caroline, Creole
Explain at least four causes of tension between the US and Great Britain in the 1830's and 1840's.
Manipulating the Maine Maps
Know: Aroostook War, Lord Ashburton, Daniel Webster
4. What was the result of the Ashburton-Webster Treaty?
The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone
Know: Lone Star Republic
5. How did Mexico view Texas from 1836 to 1845?
The Belated Texas Nuptials
Know: Conscience Whigs
6. Why did some hesitate to annex Texas? Why was it finally admitted to the Union?
Oregon Fever Populates Oregon
Know: 54 40', Willamette Valley, Oregon Trail
7. What change with Oregon from 1819 to 1844 caused the British to become more willing to negotiate a final boundary?
A Mandate (?) for Manifest Destiny
Know: James K. Polk, Dark Horse
8. What part did Manifest Destiny play in the 1844 election?
Polk the Purposeful
9. What were Polk's four goals? Assess his degree of success.
Misunderstandings with Mexico
Know: John Slidell, Nueces River
10. What were the sources of the strained relationship between the U.S. and Mexico?
American Blood on American (?) Soil
Know: Zachary Taylor, Spot Resolutions
11. Explain some of the reasons Congress declared war on Mexico.
The Mastering of Mexico
Know: Stephen Kearney, John C. Fremont, Bear Flag Republic, Winfield Scott
12. What battles were fought to defeat Mexico?
Fighting Mexico for Peace
Know: Nicholas P. Trist, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
13. Why did some people oppose the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
Profit and Loss in Mexico
Know: Wilmot Proviso
14. What positive and negative outcomes resulted for the United States from the Mexican-American War?
Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle – Big Picture Themes
1. The main question facing the nation was, “Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free?”
2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands.
3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasn’t enforced. This angered the Southerners.
4. The North—South rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In it’s place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Stephen Douglas
Stephen Douglas took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. Clay could not get the compromised passed because neither party wanted to pass it as a whole since they would be passing things for the opposite party as well as their own. Douglas split the compromise up to get it passed.
Franklin Pierce
Franklin Pierce was elected president in the 1852 election as the second Democratic "dark horse." He was a pro-southern northerner who supported the Compromise of 1850 and especially the Fugitive Slave Law. He also tried to gain Cuba for the South as a slave state, but was stopped because of Northern public opinion after the incident in Ostend, Belgium. He also supported the dangerous Kansas-Nebraska Act pushed for by Senator Douglas. He was succeeded in 1856 by James Buchanan.
Zachary Taylor
Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk’s orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylor’s forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.
John C. Calhoun
leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist and proponent of protective tariffs; later, he switched to states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as a positive good, for his promotion of minority rights, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union.
Matthew C. Perry
He was the military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan.
Henry Clay
Dubbed the "Great Compromiser," he brokered important compromises during the Nullification Crisis and on the slavery issue, especially in 1820 and 1850, during which he was part of the "Great Triumvirate" along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun. He was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests.
Free-Soil Party
The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.
Fugitive Slave Law
a law passed just before the Civil War also called the "Bloodhound Bill", slaves who escaped could not testify in their behalf and were not allowed a trial by jury. If the judge in the case freed the slave they would receive five dollars, if not they would get ten dollars. Those found helping slaves would be fined or jailed. This added to the rage in the North.
Harriet Tubman
was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the American Civil War. After escaping from slavery, into which she was born, she made thirteen missions to rescue more than 70 slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era struggled for women's suffrage.
Compromise of 1850
This compromise signed by Millard Fillmore deals with disputed territory, and the controversy of whether California should join. The results were that California joined as a free state, and what was left of the Mexican Cession land became New Mexico and Utah, and did not restrict slavery. The compromise benefited the North more than the South.
Ostend Manifesto
The Ostend Manifesto took place in 1854. A group of southerners met with Spanish officials in Belgium to attempt to get more slave territory. They felt this would balance out congress. They tried to buy Cuba but the Spanish would not sell it. Southerners wanted to take it by force and the northerners were outraged by this thought.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act, set forth in 1854, said that Kansas and Nebraska should come into the Union under popular sovereignty. Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced it, and it pushed the country even closer the Civil War.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
The Popular Sovereignty Panacea
Know: Mexican Cession, Fire-eaters
1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of popular sovereignty?
Political Triumphs for General Taylor
2. Why was the Free-Soil party formed? Was it important? Explain.
"Californy Gold"
3. Did the California Gold Rush make people rich? Explain.
Sectional Balance and the Underground Railroad
Know: Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman
4. "The South was in a politically weak position in the 1850's." Assess this statement.
Twilight of the Senatorial Giants
Know: Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster
5. What effect did Webster's speech have?
Deadlock and Danger on Capitol Hill
Know: William H. Seward, Higher Law
6. How did William Seward contribute to the tension between North and South in 1850?
Breaking the Congressional Logjam
Know: Compromise of 1850
7 . What factors led to the acceptance of the Compromise of 1850?
Balancing the Compromise Scales
8. Explain the quote, "No single irritant of the 1850's was more consistently galling to both sides...."
Defeat and Doom for the Whigs
9. What was important about the election of 1852?
Expansionist Stirrings South of the Border
Know: William Walker, Commodore Matthew C. Perry
10. Explain the Ostend Manifesto, and what consequences it had.
The Allure of Asia
Know: Treaty of Wanghia, Caleb Cushing, Commodore Perry
11. Is China or Japan more important to American trade today?
Pacific Railroad Promoters and the Gadsen Purchase
12. What was the reason for the Gadsen Purchase?
Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Scheme
Know: Stephen A. Douglas
13. Why were northerners so opposed to popular sovereignty?
Congress Legislates a Civil War
14. What were the effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Chapter #19: Drifting Toward Disunion – Big Picture Themes
1. Uncle Tom’s Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each section’s feelings on the issue.
2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted.
3. The Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands.
4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty.
5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there.
6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
The Impending Crisis of the South
A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book.
George Fitzhugh
The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology for the South (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery.
John Brown
John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas".
Charles Sumner
He was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious. This violent incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South.
Dred Scott
Scott was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court.
Abraham Lincoln
Nicknamed "Old Abe" and "Honest Abe"; born in Kentucky to impoverished parents and mainly self-educated; a Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas (a Democrat) in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he loss victory to senatorship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in ten southern states).
John Crittenden
A Senator of Kentucky, that fathered two sons: one became a general in the Union Army, the other a general in the Confederate Army. He is responsible for the Crittenden Compromise. This augments the fact that the war was often between families, and its absurdity. Kentucky and other states were split up between the Union and Confederacy, and both in the North and South sent people to the other side. This makes it clear that the war is primarily over slavery.
“Bleeding Kansas”
Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.
American or “Know-Nothing” Party
Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were anti-foreign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan "American's must rule America!" Remaining members of the Whig party also backed Fillmore for President.
Panic of 1857
The California gold rush increased inflation; speculation in land and railroads "ripped economic fabric"; hit the North harder than South because the South had cotton as a staple source of income; the North wanted free land from the government; drove Southerners closer to a showdown; caused an increase in tariffs; gave Republicans an issue for the election of 1860.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to a series of 7 debates. Though Douglas won the senate seat, these debates gave Lincoln fame and helped him to later on win the presidency. These debates were a foreshadowing of the Civil War.
Freeport Doctrine (1858)
The Freeport Doctrine occurred in Freeport, Illinois during the debates of Lincoln and Douglas for senator. This was a question that Lincoln asked Douglas that made Douglas answer in such a way that the South would know that he was not truly supporting them.
Harper's Ferry Raid
Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause.
Constitutional Union Party
A political party in the United States created in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. These former Whigs (teamed up with former Know-Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against disunion to form the Constitutional Union Party). Its name comes from its extremely simple platform, a simple resolution "to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution...the Union...and the Enforcement of the Laws."
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries
Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper
1. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain.
The North-South Contest for Kansas
Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians
2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas?
Kansas in Convulsion
Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution
3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party?
"Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon
Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks
5. What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South?
"Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder"
Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party
6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election.
The Electoral Fruits of 1856
7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856.
The Dred Scott Bombshell
Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney
8. Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive?
The Financial Crash of 1857
8. How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely?
An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges
10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background.
The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas
Know: Freeport Doctrine
11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
John Brown: Murderer or Martyr
Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee
12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South?
The Disruption of the Democrats
Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell
13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860?
A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union
14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward?
The Electoral Upheaval of 1860
15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincoln’s election, or were they helpless?
The Secessionist Exodus
Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis
16. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why?
The Collapse of Compromise
17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail?
Farewell to Union
18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to?
Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South – Big Picture Themes
1. After Ft. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abe’s top concern. These were slave states that hadn’t left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to “keep them happy.” The border states never left.
2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cotton’s dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Tom’s Cabin had convinced the English people of slavery’s horrors.
3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy.
4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nation’s first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Election of 1860
set the stage for the Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of expanding slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, this issue finally came to a head, split the political system into four parties. The Democratic Party broke into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared, The Republican Party was dominant in the North and won the electoral votes to put Abraham Lincoln in the White House with very little support from the South. The Southern response was declarations of secession by South Carolina and six other southern states, but secession was rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln. Eight other southern states did not secede before the Battle of Fort Sumter.
William Seward
Senator from New York. Senator who was for antislavery, was very religious, would not compromise. Later became the major rival of Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. When Lincoln won the presidency, he became the secretary of state for him. Had a nickname called "Higher Law" due to his religious beliefs in Christianity.
Edwin M. Stanton
He was a politician who seceded Simon Cameron as secretary of war c1860. He caused a kind of civil war within Congress by opposing Lincoln at almost every turn. This only added to the problems that Lincoln had to deal with during the Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation
September 22, 1862 - Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.
Trent Affair
A Union frigate stopped the Trent, a British steamer and abducted two Confederate ambassadors aboard it. The Alabama was a British-made vessel and fought for the Confederacy, destroying over 60 Northern ships in 22 months. The Laird rams were ships specifically designed to break blockades; the English prevented them from being sold to the South.
Merrimack and Monitor
First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Cheasepeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor - Union. Merrimac - Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even though the official Confederate name for their ship was the CSS Virginia.
Anaconda Plan
The name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War. Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. Because the blockade would be rather passive, it was widely derided by the vociferous faction who wanted a more vigorous prosecution of the war, and who likened it to the coils of an anaconda suffocating its victim. The snake image caught on, giving the proposal its popular name.
Border States
States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.
Appomattox
Robert E. Lee, refusing to see his troops suffer any further, surrenders to Grant. Southern troops given generous terms of surrender Appomattox Court House, Virginia April 9, 1865
Election of 1864
Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.) Lincoln received 55% of the popular vote and 212 electoral votes. Republicans made sure the Union soldiers had a chance to vote, which put Lincoln over the top. “With malice toward none…” Lincoln appealed to the country to not seek revenge
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
The Menace of Secession
1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson
2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have?
Brothers' Blood and Border Blood
Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb
3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?
The Balance of Forces
Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
4. What advantages did the South have? The North?
Dethroning King Cotton
Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn
5. Why did King Cotton fail the South?
The Decisiveness of Diplomacy
Know: Trent, Alabama
6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?
Foreign Flare-Ups
Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian
What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?
President Davis Versus President Lincoln
Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln
8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Know: Habeas Corpus
9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power?
Volunteers and Draftees: North and South
Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers
10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.
The Economic Stresses of War
Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation
11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?
The North's Economic Boom
Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix
12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.
Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War – Big Picture Themes
1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on “the Peninsula” at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war.
2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation”, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the South’s back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River.
3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the “Union Party” made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, “You don’t change horses midstream.”
4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.
IDENTIFICATIONS
Draft riots of 1863
The New York City draft riots (July 13 to July 16, 1863; the largest civil insurrection in American history apart from the Civil War itself. President Abraham Lincoln sent several regiments of militia and volunteer troops to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly working class men, resentful, among other reasons, because the draft unfairly affected them while sparing wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 commutation fee to exclude themselves from its reach.
Charles Frances Adams
Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.
Sherman's March to the Sea
is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted around Georgia during November and December 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army in the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. It inflicted significant damage, particularly to industry and infrastructure (per the doctrine of total war), and also to civilian property. Military historian David J. Eicher wrote that Sherman "defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the South's potential and psychology to wage war."
Clement L. Vallandigham
Copperhead Democrat and Ohio ex-congressmen was a Southern partisan who publicly demanded an end to the " wicked and cruel" war. The civil courts in Ohio were open, and he should have been tried in them. But he was convicted by a military tribunal in 1863 for treasonable utterance and was sentenced to prison. Lincoln decided to banish Vallandigham to the Confederate lines. Vallandigham ran for governorship of Ohio on foreign soil and polled a substantial but insufficient vote.
Andrew Johnson
Andrew was chosen by the Republican party to run with Abraham Lincoln as Vice President in the 1864 election. Johnson was chosen to balance the ticket. Because he was a Southern Democrat, before the South seceded, and Lincoln was a Northern Republican. These too covered almost all issues of the election.
John Wilkes Booth
An American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. He was also a Confederate sympathizer vehement in his denunciation of the Lincoln Administration and outraged by the South's defeat in the American Civil War. He strongly opposed the abolition of slavery in the United States and Lincoln's proposal to extend voting rights to recently emancipated slaves.
C.S.S. Alabama
Built for the Confederate States Navy. The Alabama served as a commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her two-year career, during which she never laid anchor in a Southern port. She was sunk by the USS Kearsarge in 1864.
National Banking Act
The banking system was used to create the sale of government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency. The system could purchase government savings bonds and money to back the bonds. The National Banking Act was made during the Civil War, and was the first real step taken toward a singular, unified banking system since1836.
Union Party
The Constitutional Union Party was a political party in the United States created in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. These former Whigs teamed up with former Know-Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against disunion to form the Constitutional Union Party. Its name comes from its extremely simple platform, a simple resolution "to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution...the Union...and the Enforcement of the Laws." They hoped that by failing to take a firm stand either for or against slavery or its expansion, the issue could be pushed aside.
GUIDED READING
Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War”
Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson
1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?
"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign
Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan
2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.
The War at Sea
Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor
3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region
5. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.
Blacks Battle Bondage
Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow
6. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.
Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address
7.Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?
The War in the West
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg
8. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.
Sherman Scorches Georgia
Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea
9. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?
The Politics of War
Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham
10. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.
The Election of 1864
Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta
11. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?
Grant Outlasts Lee
Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse
12. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?
The Martyrdom of Lincoln
Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Booth
13. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.
The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Know: Lost Cause
14. What was the legacy of the Civil War?
Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction – Big Picture Themes
1. After the war, the question was, “What to do with the southern states?” The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South.
2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the North’s stipulations were met.
3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress.
4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery.
5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their own—southern whites reasserted their power.
IDENTIFICATIONS
Ku Klux Klan
In 1866, Tennessee formed one of the most notable anti-black groups. They were against any power or rights a black might have. They were violent and often times they killed blacks "to keep them in their place."
Force Acts
These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its forces to physically end the problems.
Tenure of Office
The Tenure of Office Act was passed by Congress in 1867 -stated that the president cannot fire any appointed officials without consent of Congress - Congress passed this act knowing that Johnson would break it - Johnson fired Stanton without asking Congress, thus giving Congress a reason to impeach him
Military Reconstruction Act
It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law
Fifteenth Amendment
An incorporation of black suffrage into the federal Constitution. The Amendment was passed in congress in 1869 and was ratified by the required number of states in 1870. Before ratification, Northern states withheld the ballot from the black minorities. The South felt that the Republicans were hypocritical in insisting that blacks in the South should vote. The moderates wanted the southern states back in the Union, and thus free the federal government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights.
Civil Rights Act
In 1866 the Civil Rights Act was created to grant citizenship to blacks and it was an attempt to prohibit the black codes. It also prohibited racial discrimination on jury selection. The Civil Rights Act was not really enforced and was really just a political move used to attract more votes. It led to the creation and passing of the 14th amendment.
Scalawags
Southerners who were former Unionist and Whigs who helped the radical Republicans in the South because they accepted the consequences of the war.
Carpetbaggers
During the reconstruction period after the Civil War this nickname was given to Northerners who moved south to seek their fortune out of the destruction.
Moderate/Radical Republicans
Moderate republicans agreed with Lincoln's ideals. They believed that the seceded states should be restored to the Union swiftly and on the terms of Congress, not the President. The radical republicans believed that the South should pay dearly for their crimes. The radicals wanted to social structure of the South to be changed before it was restored to the Union. They wanted the planters punished and the blacks protected by federal power. They were against Abraham Lincoln.
Black Codes
The Black Codes were laws that were passed in the southern regimes in the south after the Civil War. The laws were designed to regulate the affairs of the freed blacks. They were aimed to ensure a stable labor supply and they sought to restore, as closely as possible, the pre-freedom system of racial relations. They recognized freedom and a few other rights, such as the right to marry, but they still prohibited the right to serve on a jury, or renting or leasing land. No blacks were allowed to vote.
Sharecropping
After the Civil War former landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore tied to the land.
Fourteenth Amendment
First called the Civil Rights Bill, then turned into the Fourteenth Amendment proposed by Congress and sent to the states in June of 1866.
10% Plan
This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.
Andrew Johnson
What: President after Lincoln's assassination When: 1864-1868( president) Why: " An accidental president" who was an ex-Tennessee Senator. Johnson was Lincoln's vice-president. He was a Southerner who did not understand the North, a Tennessee who had never been accepted by the Republicans, and a president who had never been elected to the office. Republicans feared that Southerners might join hands with Democrats in the North and win control of Congress. If the South ran Congress blacks might be enslaved once again.
Alexander Stephens
He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.
GUIDED READING
The Problems of Peace
Know: Reconstruction
1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.
Freedmen Define Freedom
Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association
2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?
The Freedmen's Bureau
Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard
3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.
Johnson: The Tailor President
Know: Andrew Johnson
4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.
Presidential Reconstruction
Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans
5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?
The Baleful Black Codes
Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage
6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?
Congressional Reconstruction
7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)
Johnson Clashes with Congress
Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment
8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?
Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson
9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?
Republican Principles and Programs
Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans
10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?
Reconstruction by the Sword
Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule
11. Describe military reconstruction.
No Women Voters
Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment
12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?
The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South
Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers
13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement?
The Ku Klux Klan
Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise
14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?
Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank
Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton
15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson
Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens
16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?
The Purchase of Alaska
Know: William Seward, Russia
17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.
The Heritage of Reconstruction
18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.
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2012 -> U. S. Steel Corporation, Elbert H. Gary Gary was corporate lawyer who became the U. S. Steel Corporation president in 1898. U. S. Steel was the leading steel producer at the time
2012 -> Full independent reading list valhalla high school english department
2012 -> Today’s Telephone Informational Reading/Literature Circle/Constructing Higher Order Questions R. L. Ccss 2
2012 -> Thunder and Lightning Introduction
2012 -> -
2012 -> CH2- the planting of english america england’s Imperial Stirrings
2012 -> The Ground on Which I stand By August Wilson
2012 -> The Atlantic Monthly February, 1982 Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond?
2012 -> Course: Advanced Placement U. S. History 2012-2013 Instructor: Ms Sarah Gomez Email address
2012 -> Sea floor spreading in the atlantic ocean
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