Johnson, Kurt, and Michael Jan Adams

1993. Elfin butterflies from the Adams/Bernard expeditions to Colombia and Venezuela (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Reports of the Museum of natural History. University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 25: 1-10, pl. 2, 2 figs. (29 March) [general; new species: Thecloxurina pantanosa, Lamasa calisto, Arases vanewrighti, Rhamma cassidyi, Arases spectaculorum; Peru]

1997. Review of Antephrys with description of a new Colombian species. Revista de Theclinae colombianos 1(4): [ii] + 1-16, 3 figs. (15 August) [A. santander; Mexico, Central America, Venezuela]

1997. The Strephonina, a new infratribe of the Eumaeini with description of fourteen new genera (Lycaenidae). Revista de Theclinae colombianos 1(1): [ii] + 1-61, pls. 1-2, 16 figs. (15 August) [new taxa: Strephonota, Zigirina, Treboniana, Serratonotes, Letizia, Robustana, R. prima, Diminutina, Dindyminotes, Exorbaetta, Syedranota, Cyclotrichia, Falerinota, Ostrinotes, O. amarillonotes, Decussata, D. colombiana]

1995. Distinction of Pseudochrysops, Cyclargus, Echinargus and Hemiargus in the Neotropical Polyommatini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Reports of the Museum of natural History, University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 54: 1-14, pl. 6, figs. (28 December) [new species: C. shuturn]

1999. Naturally playful: An introduction, pp. 13-20. In: Funke, S., Vera's Butterflies. First editions by Vladimir Nabokov inscribed to his wife. New York, Glenn Horowitz Bookseller, Inc. [Lycaenidae]

1999. Nabokov's Blues. The scientific odyssey of a literary genius. Cambridge, Zoland Books. xii + 372 pp., 8 pls. [general]

1997. Paraspiculatus, a new genus of the Eumaeini. Revista de Theclinae colombianos 2(10): [ii] + 1-8, 1 fig. (15 August) [new species: P. colombiensis; Colombia, Brazil, Peru]

2001. Devastating March for Monarchs in Mexico. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 43(2): 44-45, 4 figs. (15 June) [Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus); ecology; conservation]

1988. Systematic status and distribution of the little-known charaxine Prepona werneri Hering & Hopp. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 42(4): 269-275, 2 figs., 1 tab. (6 December) [Colombia]

1989. Proper generic and specific status of Antillean "Prepona" butterflies with description of a new subspecies from Puerto Rico (Nymphalidae; Charaxinae). Caribbean Journal of Science 25(1/2): 45-53, 5 figs., 1 tab. (October) [Archaeoprepona demophoon ramosorum]

Johnson, Kurt, Robert C. Eisele and Bruce N. MacPherson

1988. The "hairstreak butterflies" (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) of northwestern Argentina. I. Introduction, Calycopis, Calystryma, Tergissima & Femniterga. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 123: 1-49, 18 figs., 1 tab. (22 November) [new species: Calystryma phryne, C. nototrebula, Calycopis gigantea, C. argenopuncta, C. nancea, C. crena, C. dragones, C. valparaiso; Bolivia, Brazil, Chile]

1990. The "hairstreak butterflies" (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) of northwestern Argentina. II. Strymon, sensu stricto. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 130: 1-77, 51 figs. (30 May) [new species: S. amphyporphyra, S. golbachi, S. rhaptos, S. peristictos, S. cyanofusca, S. montivagus, S. nicolayi, S. lariyojoa, S. lorrainea, S. coronos, S. nivnix, S. baptistorum, S. barbara]

1992. Additions to the Argentine fauna, pp. 2-3, figs. In: Johnson, K. (Ed.), Taxonomic additions to recent studies of Neotropical butterflies. Reports of the Museum of natural History, University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 23: 1-20, figs. (15 May) [new species: Strymon cryptogramus, Ministrymon chacovaga]

1993. Genera for the small green hairstreak butterflies of the Neotropical realm (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Reports of the Museum of natural History. University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 39: [i-ii], 1-16, pl. 9, 5 figs. (13 December) [new taxa: Plesiocyanophrys (new genus), Antephrys (new genus) prestoni, Androcona (new genus) lecromi, Sarracenota (new genus), Necmitoura (new genus) marcusa, Chalybs schmidtmummi; Central and South America]

Johnson, Kurt, and S. Blair Hedges

1998. Three new species of Calisto from southwestern Haiti (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Tropical Lepidop-tera 9(2): 45-53, 3 figs. ("30" [31] December) [C. pauli, C. woodsi, C. thomasi]

1993a. Revision of Angulopis (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Reports of the Museum of natural History. University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 33: [i-ii], 1-38, pl. 5, 6 figs. (13 December) [new species: A. tucumanensis, A. desjardinas, A. obscurus, A. hernandezi, A. microterminatis, A. saphronotis, A. strymonotis, A. vioangulis, A. rubrolimbacosta, A. ruborbiculis, A. calycopinotis, A. suarezensis, A. suggestis, A. mossi, A. llorentei, A. constantinoi; Central and South America]

1993b. New genera and species of the "gem butterflies" (Lepi-doptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Reports of the Museum of natural History. University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 34: [i-ii], 1-42, pl. 6, 7 figs. (13 December) [Pendantus (new genus) argentinensis, Rubroserrata (new genus) gloriosa, R. arima, R. punta, R. rubiferata, Kisutam (new genus) simplisis, K. spadectis, Angulopis duplicatis, Electrostrymon grumus; Neotropics]

1993c. Three remarkable new species of Strymon Hübner from Brazil and Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Reports of the Museum of natural History. University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 35: [i-ii], 1-8, pl. 7, 1 fig. (13 December) [S. alexandra, S. altamiraensis, S. rojos; Ecuador, Brazil]

1997. A new species of Argentostriatus from Colombia (Lycaenidae: Eumaeini). Revista de Theclinae colombianos 2(11): [ii] + 1-7, pls. 9-11 (15 August) [A. namohai]

Johnson, Kurt, and James J. Kruse

1997. Colombian species of tailless "Cyanophrys" sensu lato and their sister taxa: Priorities for biological study. Revista de Theclinae colombianos 1(5): [ii] + 1-35, pl. 4, 3 figs., 3 maps (15 August) [new species: Plesiocyanophrys lamellatus, P. silverado, P. salazari, P. angela, P. ricardo, P. brazilensis, P. paranensis, Cyanophrys sullivani, C. velezi, C. eupatorium; Neotropics]

1997. The Macusiina, a new infratribe of the Eumaeini with description of ten new genera (Lycaenidae). Revista de Theclinae colombianos 2(13): [iv] + 1-39, pls. 12-13, 12 figs. (15 August) [new taxa: Egides, Bussa, Owda, Brevianta, Enos, Laothus, Timaeta, Thaeides, T. annandon, Timokla, T. laura; Neotropics]

1997a. The "brown-frons" complex of Cyanophrys sensu lato and new sister species from Colombia and Brazil. Revista de Theclinae colombianos 1(2): [ii] + 1-21, pl. 3a, 6 figs. (15 August) [new taxa: Cyanophrys remuborealis, C. rindgei, C. saphirus, C. (Mesocyanophrys), C. (Apophrys); Neotropics]

1997b. Clench's Cyanophrys "amyntor group" in Colombia with descriptions of several outlying endemics from elsewhere in South America. Revista de Theclinae colombianos 1(3): [ii] + 1-28, 14 figs. (15 August) [C. amyntoides, C. descimoni, C. distractus howei, C. immaculus, C. pseudocallophria, C. innocuus, C. rachelae, C. gigantus, C. pantobias; Neotro-pics]

1997c. Asymbiopsis, a new genus of the tribe Eumaeini (Lycaenidae) with descriptions of new species of Asymbiopsis and Symbiopsis Nicolay. Revista de Theclinae colombianos 2(9): [ii] + 1-25, pls. 7-8, 9 figs. (15 August) [A. designarus, A. remolinensis, A. bulbis, A. castinotus, A. velezi, S. salazari, S. pencilatus]

1992. Additions to the Mexican fauna, pp. 10-13, figs. In: Johnson, K. (Ed.), Taxonomic additions to recent studies of Neotropical butterflies. Reports of the Museum of natural History, University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 23: 1-20, figs. (15 May) [general; new species: Cyanophrys necopina]

1997. Three new species of elfin-like lycaenid butterflies from the high Andes of Colombia (Thecloxurina; Strymonina). Revista de Theclinae colombianos 1(6): [ii] + 1-12, pls. 5-6, 2 figs. (15 August) [Rhamma lecromi, Abloxurina lecromi, Heoda lecromi]

1986. A new genus and species of Eumaeini (Theclinae) from western Argentina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 102: 1-7, 2 figs. (29 May) [Noreena maria]

1986. First reported males, species status, and affinities of Epargyreus spanna Evans (Hesperiidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 40(1): 59-63, 2 figs. (9 October) [República Dominicana]

1987a. The status of "Papilio hipparchus" Staudinger (Papi-lionidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 41(1): 65-69, 2 figs. (16 April) [Protesilaus phaon (Boisduval); taxonomy; Colombia]

1987b. A new white and black subspecies of Protesilaus euryleon (Papilionidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 41(1): 70-74, 2 figs. (16 April) [P. e. pleiades; taxonomy; Colombia]

1987c. The types and status of Papilio tasso Staudinger. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 41(2): 108-113, 2 figs. (26 June) [general; taxonomy; Central and South America]

1988. Five new species and one new subspecies of butterflies from the Sierra de Baoruco of Hispaniola. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 57(10): 221-254, 16 figs., 1 tab. (15 September) [Electrostrymon minikyanos, Strymon andrewi, Heterosmaitia abeja, Leptotes idealus, Panoquina ocola distipuncta, Terra (new genus) hispaniola]

1989a. Addendum: A new species of Tmolus (Lycaenidae) from Hispaniola, pp. 525-529, 2 figs. In: Schwartz, A., The Butterflies of Hispaniola. Gainesville, University of Florida Press. [T. victoria]

1989b. Additional notes on type specimens of little-known Papilioni-dae. Papilio International 6(2): 451-457 (12 December) [general]

1990. The butterflies of Hispaniola. Albert Schwartz. 1989. Journal of the New York entomological Society 98(1): 125-126 (11 April) [general; book review]

1992. Additions to the Hispaniolan fauna, pp. 4-6, 4 figs. In: Johnson, K. (Ed.), Taxonomic additions to recent studies of Neotropical butterflies. Reports of the Museum of natural History, University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 23: 1-20, figs. (15 May) [new species: Cyclargus kathleena, C. sorpresus; Leptotes idealus Johnson & Matusik, Calisto ainigma Johnson, Quinter & Matusik; distribution; República Dominicana]

1993. Dimorphism in the female of Battus zetides (Papilionidae) on Hispaniola. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 47(1): 78-79, 1 fig. (24 February)

Johnson, Kurt, David Matusik and Rick Rozycki

1989a. Status of the papilionid types Papilio stewarti Avinoff and P. morrisi Ehrmann. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 43(1): 66-68, 2 figs. (3 March) [Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia]

1989b. A study of Protesilaus microdamas (Burmeister) and the little-known P. dospassosi (Rütimeyer) and P. huanucana (Varea de Luque) (Papilionidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidop­tera 27(2): 83-95, 7 figs. (15 July) [Central and South America]

Johnson, Kurt, and Lee Denmar Miller

1991. The genus Ministrymon Clench 1961 in Chile and a new species from the Northern Desert Biotic Province (Lepi-doptera: Lycaenidae). Acta entomológica chilena 16: 183-192, 5 figs., 1 map (April) [M. quebradivaga]

1992. Additions to the Chilean fauna, pp. 6-9. In: Johnson, K. (Ed.), Taxonomic additions to recent studies of Neotropical butterflies. Reports of the Museum of natural History, University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 23: 1-20, figs. (15 May) [new species: Heoda (new genus) atacama; Rekoa palegon cyrriana (Hewitson), Ministrymon quebradivaga Johnson & Miller, M. azia (Hewitson); distribution]

Johnson, Kurt, Lee Denmar Miller and José Valentín Herrera

1992. Eiseliana and Heoda, high Andean and Austral genera of the Neotropical Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Acta entomológica chilena 17: 107-146, 25 figs. (September) [new species: E. patagoniensis, E. probabila, H. suprema, H. nivea, H. colombiana, H. shapiroi; South America]

1983. Commentary on Miller and Brown vs. Ehrlich and Murphy et al.: pluralism in systematics and the worldwide nature of kinship groups. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 21(4): 255-269, 2 figs., 2 tabs. (15 October) [general]

1987. A new species of Calisto from Hispaniola with a review of the female genitalia of Hispaniolan congeners (Satyridae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 25(2): 73-82, 4 figs. (21 May) [C. ainigma]

1986. A new species of the anchisiades group of Heraclides from Venezuela (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Journal of the New York entomological Society 94(3): 383 393, 5 figs., 1 tab. (2 August) [H. matusiki]

1985. Species status and the hitherto unrecognized male of Papilio diaphora Staudinger (1891), (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Journal of the New York entomological Society 93(3): 1089  1095, 4 figs. (2 July) [general; Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil]

1986a. The female of Papilio xanthopleura Godman & Salvin (Papilionidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 40(1): 65 66, 1 fig. (9 October) [Papilio diaphora Staudinger; Peru, Brazil]

1986b. Rediscovery and species status of the Neotropical swallowtail butterfly Papilio illuminatus Niepelt (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Journal of the New York entomological Society 94(4): 516-525, 5 figs. (16 October) [Colombia]

1993. New species, statuses and combinations in northern South American Strymon (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Reports of the Museum of natural History. University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 26: 1-13, pl. 2, 3 figs. (29 March) [general; new species: S. glorissima, S. campbelli, S. daplissus, S. trunctogen, S. ochraceus]

2002. A new species of Arcas Swainson from Colombia (Lycaenidae). Boletín científico. Museo de Historia natural. Universidad de Caldas 6: 147-152, 3 figs. (March) [A. katia]

Johnson, Kurt, Julián Adolfo Salazar, José Ignacio Vargas and Efraín Reinel Henao

2004. Nuevas especies y subespecies de Rhopalocera para Colombia (Insecta, Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, Satyridae). Boletín científico. Museo de Historia natural. Universidad de Caldas 8: 303-316, 15 figs. (November) [Lamprospilus occidentalis, Brevianta balinti, Atlides browni centralis, Euselasia alburna hesione, Lymanopoda florenciaensis]

1997. New species of Micandra Staudinger [sic] from Colombia with distinction of Trochusinus, a new genus of the Euma-eini. Revista de Theclinae colombianos 2(15): [ii] + 1-15, 4 figs. (15 August) [M. neblina, M. sylvia, T. werneri, T. elizabetha; Venezuela, Ecuador]

1997. New species of the adunca elfin group of the high Andean genus Rhamma (Eumaeini; Thecloxurina). Revista de Theclinae colombianos 2(12): [ii] + 1-9, 2 figs. (15 August) [R. livida, R. emeraldina; Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia]

1993. A remarkable new butterfly species from Jamaica (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), with notes on Jamaican endemics and their sister species. Reports of the Museum of natural History. University of Wisconsin (Stevens Point) 24: 1-14, pl. 1, 2 figs. (29 March) [general; new species: Chloro-strymon orbis, Cyanophrys roraimiensis]

1993. Hairstreak butterflies of the genus Serratofalca (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Tropical Lepidoptera 4(2): 107-118, 18 figs. ("30 November", [27 December]) [general; new species: S. sasha, S. gorgoniensis, S. callilegua, S. iguapensis; Central and South America]

1996. Nabokov as lepidopterist: An informed appraisal. Nabokov Studies 3: 123-144, 2 figs. [Lycaenidae; Neotropics]

1979. See Turner, J. R. G. et al., 1979.

1979. Absence of dosage compensation for a sex limited enzyme in butterflies (Heliconius). Heredity 43(1): 71-77, 3 tabs. (August) [H. melpomene (Linnaeus), H. erato (Linnaeus); Brazil, Panama, Trinidad]

1870. Illustrations of Exotic Entomology. First Series. London, Author. 59 leaves, 59 pls. [general]

2005a. See Tobler, A. et al., 2005.

2005b. See Jiggins, C. D. et al., 2005b.

Johnston, John Robert [1880- ]

1931. Enfermedades y plagas de la piña en la América tropical. Revista de Agricultura de Puerto Rico 26(7): 4-11, 6 figs. (January) [also in Boletín de la Unión panamericana (Agricultura) (Washington, D.C.) 65: 88 103, 6 figs. (Febru-ary)] [Tmolus echion (Linnaeus); life history; Trinidad, Costa Rica]

1915. [A note]. Proceedings of the South London entomological and natural History Society 1914/15: 131. [general; Brazil, Colombia, Peru]

1917a. Local forms of Agrias claudia. Proceedings of the entomological Society of London 1917(1): iv (24 November) [general; French Guiana]

1917b. Resemblance, mimetic and non mimetic. Proceedings of the entomological Society of London 1917(1): xxviii-xxix (24 November) [Papilio erlaces Gray, P. harmodius Doubleday; Peru]

1919. Butterflies of the genus Castnia and a mimetic hesperid [sic]. Proceedings of the entomological Society of London 1918(3/4): clxiv-clxv (29 March) [Colombia, Peru]

1922a. Examples of Heliconius from Venezuela. Proceedings of the entomological Society of London 1921(5): lxx-lxxi (13 April) [general]

1922b. Butterflies from New Guinea and Peru. Proceedings of the entomological Society of London 1921(5): xcvi (13 April) [general]

1922c. [A note]. Proceedings of the South London entomological and natural History Society 1921/22: 65-66. [Papilio cacicus Lucas; Peru]

1925a. The resemblances between species of the nymphaline genus Phyciodes (Eresia), and species belonging to other groups and families of Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the entomological Society of London 1924(3/4): cxxvi-cxxxii (20 February) [general; Neotropics]

1925b. [A note]. Proceedings of the South London entomological and natural History Society 1924/25: 117-118. [general; mimicry; Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia]

1917a. On a collection of heliconine forms from French Guiana. Transactions of the entomological Society of London 1916 (3/4): 412-431, pls. 107-108 (7 June) [general; new aberra­tions: Heliconius melpomene melpomene ab. collis, H. m. m. ab. primus, H. m. m. ab. melpina, H. m. cybele ab. elegantula, H. m. c. ab. faustalia, H. m. c. ab. dianides, H. m. c. ab. maris, H. m. c. ab. negroida, H. m. thelxiope ab. punctarius, H. m. t. ab. lucindella, H. m. t. ab. majestica, H. m. t. ab. stygianus; new subspecies: H. m. eltringhami; new species: Eueides egeriformis]

1917b. New races and aberrations of Heliconius. Annals and Magazine of natural History (8)20(115): 87-94 (1 July), (116): pls. 5-6 (1 August) [general; H. numata talboti, H. n. silvaniformis, H. ignotus, H. aristiona pratti, H. clysonimus apicalis aberration semirubra, H. a. indecisa, H. numata superioris aberration translata, H. erato eratophylla, H. melpomene melpophylla, H. erato erato aberration cybelellus, H. sapho primularis aberration deflava, H. erato amphitrite aberration unipuncta, H. e. rubrizona, H. cydno flaveola, H. elevatus perchlora; South America]

1917c. New subspecies of Caligo. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 29(9): 180-182 (15 September) [C. teucer joasa, C. t. semicaerulea, C. t. cachi, C. t. ecuadora, C. eurilochus delectans; Brazil, Peru, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Venezuela]

1919. Notes on a large heliconiine collection made in French Guiana in 1917, compared with a similar collection made in 1915. Transactions of the entomological Society of London 1918(3/4): 347-353, 1 map (29 March) [general; new aberrations: Heliconius melpomene melpomene ab. faivrei, H. m. m. ab. compacta, H. m. cybele ab. cybeleia]

Joicey, James John, and William Frederick Henry Rosenberg

1915. Description of new species of the pierine genera Catasticta and Daptoneura [sic]. Transactions of the entomological Society of London 1915(1): 147-151, pl. 10 (26 June) [C. rosea, C. fulva, C. huancabambensis, C. grisea, C. talboti, C. noakesi, D. nigricosta; Colombia, Peru, Ecuador]

1918a. New South American Rhopalocera. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London 1917(3/4): 259-264, pl. 1, figs. 1-2 (19 February) [Papilio erlaces chinchipensis, P. iphidamas ayabacensis, P. harmodius tabaconas, Leodonta zenobia monticola, Catasticta philone nimbata, C. flisa tamboensis, C. lathyi, C. nimbice peruviana, Vila eueidiformis, V. e. aberration radiata; Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia]

1918b. A gynandromorph of Papilio lycophron Hbn. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London 1917(3/4): 273, pl. 2 (19 February) [Peru]

1918c. Three aberrations of Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London 1917(3/4): 275-276, pl. 1, fig. 3 (19 February) [Catagramma, Papilio; Peru, Venezuela]

1919. Species of Heliconius from French Guiana. Proceedings of the entomological Society of London 1918(3/4): clii-cliii (29 March) [H. erato (Linnaeus), H. melpomene (Linnaeus)]

1922a. New forms of Papilionidae from New Guinea, Malaya and South America. Bulletin of the Hill Museum 1(2): 320-324, pl. 9, figs. 2-3 (14 September) [Papilio childrenae unima-cula, P. cutorina form dilutus, P. trapeza concoloratus, P. cacicus inca form peruviana; Ecuador, Peru]

1922b. New forms of butterflies from South America. Bulletin of the Hill Museum 1(2): 357-358 (14 September) [Anaea rosae caucana, Dasyopthalma rusina aberration donckieri, Morpho cypris lathyi; Colombia, Peru]

1924a. Descriptions of four new butterflies. Entomologist 57(729): 37-40 (February) [Telegonus domingensis; República Dominicana]

1924b. Three new South American butterflies. Bulletin of the Hill Museum 1(3): 570-571 (16 July) [Papilio aglaope ecau-datus, P. erlaces lacydes form parvifascia, Euptychia virgata; Brazil, Ecuador]

1924c. Corrigenda. Bulletin of the Hill Museum 1(3): 573-574 (16 July) [general]

1925. Notes on some Lepidoptera, with descriptions of new forms. Annals and Magazine of natural History (9)16(98): 633-653 (1 December) [general; Danaida hermippus centralis, Papilio philetes magnimacula, Heliconius elevatus schmassmanni, H. peeblesi, H. erato aberration telloides, Eueides eratosignis; Trinidad, South America]

1928. New forms of Rhopalocera in the Hill Museum. Bulletin of the Hill Museum 2(1): 19-27 (8 February) [general; Pereute callinira ecuadorensis, P. callinice numbalensis, P. charops form nigricans, Leptophobia eleone form latifascia, Itaballia calydonia centralis, Pieris philoma pastaza, P. mandela decorata, P. m. interposita, P. m. maranonensis; Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, Costa Rica]