46. False - As trade with ASIA grew during the second half of the nineteenth century, it needed ports for its ships to refuel and resupply as they crossed the Pacific.
47. True
48. False - Latin American delegates rejected the idea of a customs union.
49. False - TO THIS DAY, IT HAS NOT BEEN PROVEN that the American battleship USS Maine was blown up by a Spanish mine in Havana Harbor.
50. True
51. False - Theodore Roosevelt WAS SECOND IN COMMAND OF an all-volunteer U.S. cavalry unit, known as the Rough Riders, that fought in the Spanish-American War.
52. True
53. True
54. False - Today, Puerto Rico is A SELF-GOVERNING COMMONWEALTH OF THE UNITED STATES and a major trading partner of the United States.
55. False - In 1894 war erupted between Japan AND CHINA OVER KOREA, which at the time was a client state dependent on China.
56. False - A FRENCH company had secured the rights to build a canal before turning the job over to the United States.
57. True
58. True
59. False - By MAINTAINING A ZONE AROUND THE CANAL IN WHICH MOSQUITIOES COULD NOT EXIST, Surgeon General of the Army William Crawford Gorgas minimized disease and allowed them to progress across Panama.
60. b
61. imperialism
62. protectorate
63. Japanese
64. Samoan
65. Hawaii
66. colonies
67. Yellow journalism
68. autonomy
69. Santiago
70. Puerto Rico
71. commerce
72. influence
73. Boxers
74. intervened
75. Mexico
76. According to the idea of Anglo-Saxonism, modern European democracies were bound to spread their civilization and culture to the less fortunate and “uncivilized.” In the excerpt, Strong argues that history has shown this to be a theme, in which the “civilized” replace and rule over more “primitive” cultures.
77. The leading causes of death for U.S. soldiers were food poisoning and disease. From this it can be inferred that living conditions were quite bad. Unsanitary conditions caused epidemics that took more lives than were lost in battle.
78. The Philippines would be extremely useful to the United States as a Pacific naval base and as a stopover on the way to China. However, the distance of the Philippines from the United States would make maintaining control over the islands expensive and difficult.
79. Roosevelt’s “big stick” policy focused on displaying U.S. power to maintain peace and stability. Taft’s foreign policy, which came to be called “dollar diplomacy,” placed less emphasis on military force and more on economic development. Taft used economic support to expand U.S. influence in Latin America.
80. People who opposed imperialism believed that to become an imperial power, the United States would be required to forcefully subjugate another people. They believed that all people were entitled to the rights Americans enjoyed, and that no one should govern another without the consent that, in the United States, comes through a democratic election. They also believed that using force of arms or superior knowledge and technology to rule another country violated the principles on which the United States was founded. The suppression of a rebellion in the Philippines by U.S. forces might be used to support this argument.
81. McKinley is opposed to allowing European powers to gain an advantage in the Philippines, because to do so would be bad for American economic interests. He also feels that the Filipinos are an inferior people who are not ready for or capable of independence. Although he does not say so explicitly, McKinley seems to share the ideas of Anglo-Saxonism, especially that it is the duty of the United States to help “less civilized” people around the world. Ultimately, he argues that the United States is annexing the Philippines out of a sense of moral obligation, rather than imperial ambition.
82. b
83. d
84. c
85. c
86. c
87. b
88. a
89. d
90. b
91. b
92. Economic and military competition from other nations, as well as a growing feeling of cultural superiority, led the shift in American opinion toward imperialism. Several European nations were expanding their power overseas, forming colonies and protectorates to protect their new markets and investments in other nations. In the United States, the Western frontier was filling up, and many Americans concluded that the nation had to develop new overseas markets to keep its economy strong. Influential author Alfred T. Mahan argued that the United States needed to build a large navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend its right to trade with other countries. To support the navy, the United States had to acquire territory for overseas bases. At the same time, many Americans began to believe in Anglo-Saxonism—the idea that English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government, and were destined to dominate the planet.
93. The United States went to war with Spain for several reasons. Cuba had rebelled against Spain, and Americans both sympathized with Cuban rebels and wished to protect U.S. investments in Cuba. Support for the rebels was fueled by sensationalized stories of Spanish atrocities in leading American newspapers. Finally, the mysterious explosion of the U.S. battleship Maine was widely blamed on Spain. The resolution emphasizes “abhorrent conditions” that “have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States” and the Maine, suggesting that yellow journalism and reaction to the ship’s destruction were major forces leading the drive to war. The resolution also declares that it is “the duty of the United States” to demand Spain leave Cuba but does not mention growing U.S. power and influence in Latin America.
94. Many supporters of annexation based their arguments on the economic and military benefits of taking the Philippines. They would provide the United States with a Pacific naval base and a large market for American goods. Other arguments were based on the idea that the United States had a duty to help “less civilized” people by governing them. For example, Senator Beveridge argued that Filipinos were not capable of governing themselves. Many opponents of annexation felt such arguments contradicted American principles. In addition, they argued that the economic and military costs of annexation would far outweigh the benefits. Bryan argues that the United States could have a friendly port and trade with the Philippines without the burden of governing a foreign people.
95. Theodore Roosevelt believed in a strong global military presence. He insisted that displaying American power to the world would make nations think twice about fighting, thus promoting global peace. He often expressed this belief with a West African saying, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” The voyage of the Great White Fleet was one application of this policy, showcasing the nation’s mighty fleet to the world. Another example was the use of the United States military to aid the revolt in Panama.
96. Although Wilson opposed imperialism, he recognized the influence the United States could have on foreign nations. After revolution overtook Mexico in 1911, Victoriano Huerta seized power and presumably had his predecessor, Francisco Madero, murdered. Wilson viewed Huerta as a brutal dictator. When the Mexican government refused to apologize for arresting American sailors who had entered a restricted area, Wilson sent troops into Mexico. Anti-American riots ensued, and Pancho Villa, a guerrilla, burned the town of Columbus, New Mexico.
