Chicago Debate League 2013/14 Core Files
AC Extension Harms – Environment: A/t #4 “Developing Countries are Key” 127
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- 2AC Extension Harms – Economy: A/t 1 “Midwest Economies Turn” [1/3] 128
- 2AC Extension Harms – Economy: A/t 1 “Midwest Economies Turn” [2/3] 129
2AC Extension Harms – Environment: A/t #4 “Developing Countries are Key” 1271) China is already working with the U.S. to cut back emissions. RENEW ECONOMY, 13 [Ryan Koronowski, “US-China strike major deal on cutting greenhouse gases,” 6/10, http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/us-china-strike-major-deal-on-cutting-greenhouse-gases-45440] The United States and China announced on Saturday that they will work together and with other countries to “phase down” the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are extremely potent greenhouse gases. A global phaseout would be the equivalent of cutting 90 gigatons of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. President Barack Obama and President Xi Jinping just finished a two-day meeting in California initially thought to be more of an unscripted chance for the two leaders to forge a personal relationship than a meeting with any specific policy agenda. This is Xi’s first meeting with Obama as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, which is the analogue to the Chinese presidency. Recently China has made news on plans to cut carbon emissions but then appeared to partially walk some of that news back. The fact that powerful greenhouse gases were on the agenda during their talks is a welcome sign. And if the so-called “Group of Two” regularly acts to reduce the use of substances that cause climate change, it makes it much more likely that the rest of the world will agree to do the same. 2) We solve land-use issues. Sugarcane from Latin America is more energy efficient and environmentally friendly than corn. SPECHT, 12 [Jonathan, Legal Advisor for Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B; J.D., Washington University in St. Louis; “Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States,” 4/24, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf] The environmental benefits of using sugarcane to produce ethanol are numerous. First, it is much more energy efficient to derive ethanol from sugarcane than corn. Making ethanol from corn only creates approximately 1.3 times the amount of energy used to produce it, but making ethanol from sugarcane creates approximately eight times the amount of energy used to produce it. 116 Second, unlike much of the corn presently grown in Great Plains states, sugarcane grown in Latin America does not need to be irrigated. 117 Third, sugarcane requires relatively small amounts of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. 118 Fourth, whereas most U.S. ethanol refineries are powered by coal or natural gas, 119 sugarcane ethanol refineries can be powered by bagasse, a natural product left over from the sugar refining process. 120 In fact, refineries powered with bagasse can even produce more electricity than they need and sell power back to the electric grid. 121 Fifth, although corn can only be planted and harvested once a year, in tropical climates sugarcane can be cut from the same stalks multiple times per year. 122 2AC Extension Harms – Economy: A/t # 1 “Midwest Economies Turn” [1/3] 1281) Their evidence does not say that Midwest economies are key to the U.S. economy, only that corn is necessary to local economic concerns. Our evidence is about the agricultural sector as a whole, which has bigger spillover effects on the broader economy that the corn-specific industry does not. 2) The U.S. agricultural industry is already hurting because of decreasing global demand. Importing sugarcane ethanol will lead to reforms in land use and energy efficiency that increase farm profitability. STARR, 10 [Sean Charles, J.D. DePaul University School of Law; “SWEET REWARDS: HOW U.S. TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND PENETRATION OF BRAZILIAN ETHANOL INTO THE U.S. MARKET CAN STIMULATE AMERICA'S DOMESTIC ECONOMY AND STRENGTHEN AMERICAS INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE,” 8 DePaul Bus. & Comm. L.J. 275] The global economic crisis has also impacted the U.S. farm industry. Recent U.S. Department of Agriculture figures suggest the global recession is lowering demand expectations and increasing supplies, particularly in terms of U.S. corn grown for ethanol production.113 Infusion of Brazilian ethanol into the U.S. market could foster the change needed by forcing unfarmed land, subsidized by the government, back into development, it could motivate American farms dedicated to corn-based ethanol to restructure and concentrate on alternatives. Further, it could provide American farmers with an alternative and renewable energy model of production. 2AC Extension Harms – Economy: A/t # 1 “Midwest Economies Turn” [2/3] 1293) Agriculture and meat production are America’s strongest export, and stability is key to economic recovery. YGLESIAS, 12 [Matthew, Slate's business and economics correspondent; “How To Make U.S. Agriculture Even Stronger,” 6/08, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/future_tense/2012/06/agriculture_industry_needs_more_farmland_and_better_immigration_laws_.html] America got its start as an agricultural wonderland, a continent-sized expanse of free land up for grabs for anyone with the gumption to sail across the ocean and steal it from the Indians. The United States’ great East Coast metropolises arose as export terminals for the agricultural bounty this land bore. Our early infrastructure megaprojects, canals and railroads, served to further expand the scope of agricultural shipping, and their intersections brought us the cities of the Midwest. And though America has industrialized and then unindustrialized, agriculture remains a great constant of our economy. Relatively few Americans farm today, but the much-derided mainstream commercial agriculture sector in the United States remains a major engine of productivity and could easily be become stronger yet. How productive is America’s farm sector? Viewed in one light, it seems not so impressive: The 2009 output equaled 170 percent of 1948 output, for an average annual rate of 1.63 percent—well below the economy-wide average. But the agricultural industry was already mature in 1948, so seems unfair to expect its productivity to increase at the same rate as computer production or jet airplane manufacturing. What’s more, productivity derives from multiple sources. A firm, country, or sector can increase output by increasing the volume or quality of inputs—more workers, more machines and capital goods, more land and energy—as well as by increasing the efficiency with which these inputs are used. And here’s where America’s farms look like champions. Total growth in agricultural inputs was only 0.11 percent during this period, meaning that almost all the growth in agriculture was due to “total factor productivity,” otherwise known as the secret sauce by which an industry gets more efficient at turning inputs into value. One tangible sign of America’s sustained agricultural productivity is that we are a large net exporter of agricultural goods. Farming, in other words, stands alongside software, media, financial services, tourism, airplanes, and military equipment as one of the main things we sell to the world in exchange for our imports of oil and consumer goods. The lion’s share of our exports—about $50 billion worth last year—were basic staples: soybeans, corn, wheat, and cotton. The big destinations for American farm goods are our neighbors in Canada and Mexico, plus the hungry mouths of land-scarce Asia—China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. And rising living standards in the Pacific Rim promise even more agricultural bounty ahead. As people get richer, they start to want to eat more meat. America exports meat ($12.5 million worth of pork, beef, and chicken in 2011), but, more to the point, our staple grains feed animals. A cow is essentially a low-efficiency, high-status method of transforming grain into food for humans, so steady growth in world demand for meat implies enormous growth in demand for feed crops. 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