Computer Fundamentals & Programming. (Course No: cse 311) Contents
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Types of the software:-
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HUMAN WARE:- To run above computer hardware and software and the whole computer system in the big organization, the different types of the technical personals are needed. Their types and post names are as given below. It is called human ware. i) Data Entry Operator - Non officer ii) Data Coder - Non officer iii) Data Supervisor - Non officer iv) Data Administrator - Officer v) Programmer - Officer vi) System Analyst - Officer vii) System Designer - Officer viii) Computer System Engineer - Officer ix) Hardware Engineer - Officer x) Maintenance Engineer - Officer xi) Networking Engineer - Officer xii) Computer Operator - Non officer xiii) Computer Instructor - Officer xiv) Computer Consultants - Officer 8. OPERATING SYSTEM:- 8.1 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM:- An operating system (OS) is an integrated set of specialized programs that is used to manage the resources and overall operations of a computer. It is a most important program to run the computer. Every computer must have an OS to run other programs. The user communicator with OS, suppliers application programs and input data that are in a programming language and format acceptable to the OS and receives output results. The complexity of the OS depends on the computer system's size and scope. For example OS of a micro computer is very simple to OS of mini or mainframe computer system. The primary purpose of the OS is to minimize the human intervention and to maximize the productivity of a computer system. Without OS in the computer you cannot load your program and input data system. All the time OS lies at the central position of the computer software system. Around it there will be number of utility programs, language translator programs (Compilers & Interpreters), and even some application programs. Therefore in such a condition, OS is called KERNEL.
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8.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE OS:-
8.3 CLASSIFICATION OF THE OS:- Classification of the OS are as follows.
If the program is not using CPU, however, it can allow another program to us it temporally. OS/2, Windows 95, Windows NT, Amiga and UNIX use preemptive multi tasking. But MS-Windows 3.x and the Multi Finder use co-operative multitasking.
9. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:- Programming language means a computer language. It is divided into two types.
If you want in detail, at present it can be dived into five levels which are as follows.
PACK 210(8, 13), O2B (4, 7) When we provide such assembly language command to the compute, it converts into machine language then it performs the job.
MULTIPLY HOURS – WORKED BY PAY-RATE GIVING GROSS – PAY ROUNDED. Types of high level language:- a) Procedural – oriented - 3rd generation computer language b) Problem- oriented - 4th generation computer language c) Nature - 5th generation computer language a) Procedural-oriented language: - General-purpose programming language like BASIC, PASCAL, COBOL o FOTRAN are called procedural-oriented language. They are designed to express the logic and procedure of the problem. All of them are called high level programming language or third generation language. Advantages of the procedural oriented language
Disadvantages
The fourth generation languages also are used to develope application tools as follows.
i) Personal computer application software:- It means word processor, spreadsheet, DBMS, graphics, integrated packages, PowerPoint and other tailor-made
It means query language allows people who are non programmer to search database using certain selection commands. Example, Airlines ticket reservation, Room booking in hostel, MIS, School information system etc. Report generators are designed for people needing to prepare their reports easily, e.g.-QBE, SQL, HAL, Answer/Database, Data retrieve etc. iii) Design support systems and financial planning language:- Decision support system (DSS) is made for managers or chief Execution officers to take decisions. Financial planning language are also a kind of decision support system, that are employed or mathematical statistical and forecasting procedures. Example:- Macro Stat, SPSS, Accounting packages, Metaphor, STRATAGEM, etc.
Application generators are a collection of set of program modules, preprogrammed for different jobs. A non programmer uses this required report. Example the user inters his pass word and unique account code numbers, presenters as in ATM machine to get money. There are other examples of application generators as: FOCUS, FUSION, SAS, SYSTEM, LINE II, RADID/3000 etc.
v) NATURAL LANGUAGES:- There are still in developing stage. They will be using in AI and expert systems. They have two characteristics. i) More human like speaking ii) More smarter with remembering capacity. There popular natural language are LISP and PROLOG. TRANSLATORS High level programming language to work on the computer it must be translated into machine language. There are two types of translators like. i) Complier – reads whole program and converts into machine language. ii) Interpreters – reads a line and converts into machine language. Thus one statement at a time. Complier the whole program into machine language all at a time. The translation processor is called compilation. The programmer's program is called source code but its machine language code is called object code. Interpreters translate each program statement into machine code just before the program statement is to be executed. This process continues till whole process completes. But compiler language is better than interpreted language as they can be executed taster. Complier is used in COBOL, C,C++ and FORTRAN. On the other hand interpreter language in BASIC programming. Interpreter do not need object code and so usually easier to develop. (i.e. to code &test). Thus, there are code complier, C compiler and BASIC Interpreter.  The COMPILATION PROCESS:- Source files are complied into object files, then through linkers object files using routine libraries it produces executable programs. Thus object codes pass through linkers. The linker combines modules and gives real values to all symbolic address. Hence, the linker translates object files into executables program files.
We know the series of instructions that performs a particular task in the computer is called a program. There are two categories of programs like system software and application software. A system software means combination of operating system, control program, database management and communication software. An application, software means any program that processes the data for the user. In short, the software tells hardware how to process the data. At present, in the world software projects are becoming more and more complex in size, sophistication, and technologies used. Now most software products manage to millions of users in different shape and size. For example word processors, ERP packages and SCM tools, which run mainframes and client server systems; different versions of web browsers for the PC and MAC; we have DBMS that run on MVS, UNIX, Windows NT, Linux and so on. The competition and the advancements in technology are driving software. Now computer and communication are becoming integral part of our lives. The driving force behind all these advancement is the computer software. They are becoming more and more complex. For example, the software is being used in controlling satellites, operating. Inter continental Ballistic Missiles, running banks, hospitals, airlines, hostels, etc, including door locking system and robotics. Software may communicate via internet, using e-mail or videoconferencing technologies. Thus its development is in advance and changing very fastly. Now the general software features are given below.
Presently, most of the software companies are producing more and more user’s friendly, software's. The software developers are developing the software’s including facilities like user's interface, displaying error message, self leaning type etc. Thus software are becoming easier to use,
Now-a-days interface, most of the software applications are graphical user interface (GUI) brand. That is software's are self learning type, which are very easier to use. In the software, there will be self guided dialog box. Most of the tasks could be performed by mouse click. This almost software guided uses using icons, dialog boxes and other graphical elements.
In order to service the software companies they have to be constantly innovative and be always ahead of the competition. So they are producing better producers for the end-users. That means new softwares will be coded by more features at affordable price. Micro-soft companies products could be the good examples for the more features in the new products every year.
As you know, as the facilities are increasing in the software, it wants more and more advanced computers. About 10 years back there were 386 types of machines which can run only Windows95. Now-a-days users are running Windows XP on Pentium IV computers. Hence the new software wants more and more powerful computers. Otherwise the new software will not be able to run.
Now-a-days, most of the application software supports multiplatform both hardware and software platforms. There are software applications that support hardware platforms from PCs to mainframe and different software platforms like windows to UNIX, AIX, Solaris and MVS. Similarly other important feature of today's application software is that they support in many languages like Japanese, Arabic, Chinese and English. Like wise they support different national currencies too.
As the popularity of computers network increase, the demand of software that can run on the computers connected on the network are increasing. The idea behind network computers is that many users who are connected to a network do not need all the computer power they get from a typical personal computers. Instead they can rely on the power of network server.
There are many software companies in the world market. Software vendors are battling for the market share. It means that the users will get better products. To make salable software, vendors are making their software compatible with other competitors. For example, you can import WordPerfect documents, text documents, and HTML documents and so on into a MS-word document. Almost all vendors practice this technique to stay and service in the business. Similarly, most of the vendors maintain compatibility with easier version, as they release the new version. For example Ms-word 2000 supports all previous versions words, word97, and word95.
While you are working in MS-word, you can open and link MS-Excel. If you want you can import a table and a graphical picture from MS-Excel to your word document. To call a table and a picture from an external software to the running software is called linked and embedded object. Thus Micro soft company has developed a method to integrate external tool into an application using the Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) architecture. Now OLE is a compound document. If enables you to create objects with one application and then link or embed them in a second application changes made to the embedded object effort only the document that contents it. Support for OLE is built into the Windows and Macintosh Operating System. This embedding and linking of components enables applications to share components.
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