Conserving Biodiversity and reducing habitat degradation in Protected Areas and their Areas of Influence

1 Mittermeier, R.A., P.R Gil, M. Hoffmann, J. Pilgrim, T. Brooks, C.G. Mittermeier, J. Lamoreux & G.A.B. da Fonseca (2004). Hotspots Revisited: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Ecoregions. Mexico City (Mexico): CEMEX, 392pp.

2 Smith, M.L., S.B. Hedges, W. Buck, A. Hemphill, S. Inchaustegui, M.A. Ivie, D. Martina, M. Maunder, & J.F. Ortega (2004). Caribbean Islands, pp.112–118. In: Mittermeier, R.A., P.R Gil, M. Hoffmann, J. Pilgrim, T. Brooks, C.G. Mittermeier, J. Lamoreux & G.A.B. da Fonseca (2004). Hotspots Revisited: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Ecoregions. Mexico City (Mexico): CEMEX, 392pp.

3 Only 11.3% of the Caribbean original vegetation remains.

4 Wege, D.C., D. Ryan, N. Varty, V. Anadón-Irizarry & A. Pérez-Leroux (2010). Ecosystem Profile: the Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot. Washington, DC: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, 153pp (unpublished report).

5 Roberts C, Mcclean C, Veron J, Hawkins J, Allen G, et al. (2002). Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295: 1280–1284. doi: 10.1126/science.1067728

6 Spalding M., H. Fox, G. Allen, N. Davidson, Z. Ferdaña (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57: 573–583.

7 Miloslavich P., J.M. Díaz, E. Klein, J.J. Alvarado, C. Díaz (2010). Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011916

8 Burke L., J. Maidens (2004). Reefs at risk in the Caribbean. Washington: World Resurces Institute. 80 p.

9 Jackson J.B. (1997) Reefs since Columbus. Coral Reefs 16: S23–S32. doi: 10.1007/s003380050238

10 FAO (2003). Status and trends in mangrove area extent worldwide. Forest Resources Assessment Working aper-63. In: Wilkie M, Fortuna S, editors. Roma: Forest Resources Division, FAO. Available: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/j15​33e00.htm. Accessed 2014 Feb 10.

11 Anadón-Irizarry, V., D.C. Wege, A. Upgren, R. Young, B. Boom, Y.M. León, Y. Arias, K. Koenig, A.L. Morales, W. Burke, A. Perez-Leroux, C. Levy, S. Koenig, L. Gape & P. Moore (2012) Sites for priority biodiversity conservation in the Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(8): 2806–2844.

12 Agostini, V.N., S. W. Margles, S. R. Schill, J.E. Knowles, and R. J. Blyther (2010). Marine Zoning in Saint Kitts and Nevis: A Path Towards Sustainable Management of Marine Resources. The Nature Conservancy.

13 Ibid

14 Wilkinson C (2008) Status of coral reefs of the world. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia, 296 p

15 Bryant D, Burke L, McManus J and M Spalding (1998) Reefs at Risk: A Map-Based Indicator of Potential Threats to the World’s Coral Reefs. World Resources Institute (Washington, DC.), International Center for Living Aquatic Resource Management (Manila), and United Nations Environment Programme. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.

16 Roberts CM, McClean CJ, Veron JEN, Hawkins JP, Allen GR, McAllister DE, Mittermeier CG, Schueler FW, Spalding M, Wells F, Vynne C and TB Werner (2002) Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295: 1280-1284.

17 Bouchon CP, Y. Portillo, M. Bouchon-Navaro, P. Loius, K. Hoetjes, D. De Meyer, H. Macrae, V. Armstrong, S. Datadin, J. Harding, R. Mallela, J-W. Parkinson, D. Van Bochove, J. Lirman-Herlan, A. Baker, L. Collado, and SC. Isaac (2008). Status of Coral Reef Resources of the Lesser Antilles: The French West Indies, The Netherlands Antilles, Anguilla, Antigua, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago. Pp 265- 280. In: Status of Coral Reefs of the World. (Ed.) C Wilkinson. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Center, Townsville, Australia.

18 Carpenter K.E., M. Abrar, G. Aeby, R.B. Aronson, S. Banks, A. Bruckner, A. Chiriboga, J. Cortes, J.C. Delbeek, L. DeVantier, G.J. Edgar, A.J. Edwards, D. Fenner, H.M. Guzman, B.W. Hoeksema, G. Hodgson, O. Johan, W.Y. Licuanan, S.R. Livingstone, E.R. Lovell, J.A. Moore, D.O. Obura, D. Ochavillo, B.A. Polidoro, W.F. Precht, M.C. Quibilan, C. Reboton, Z.T. Richards, A.D. Rogers, J. Sanciangco, A. Sheppard, C. Sheppard, J. Smith, S. Stuart, E. Turak, J.E.N. Veron, C. Wallace, E. Weil, and E. Wood (2008). One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. Science 321:560–563.

19 Spalding M D, C. Ravilious, E.P. Gren (2001). World Atlas of Coral Reefs. Prepared at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.

20 Miloslavich et al. (2010)

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011916

21 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 12 February 2014.

22 Bruckner, A. and A. Williams (2012) Assessment of the Community Structure, Status, Health and Resilience of Coral Reefs off St. Kitts and Nevis. June 2011. Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Landover MD, pp.64

23 Ibid

24 Fishbase (2014). http://www.fishbase.org/Country/CountryChecklist.php?showAll=yes&c_code=659&vhabitat=all2

25 Ibid

26 MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005) Mille ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.

27 Duke,N.C.,Meynecke, J.-O., Dittmann, S., Ellison, A.M., Anger, K., Berger, U., Cannicci, S., Diele, K., Ewel, K.C., Field, C.D.,

Koedam, N., Lee, S.Y., Marchand, C., Nordhaus, I. & Dahdouh-Guebas, F. (2007) A world without mangroves? Science, 317, 5834, 41–42.

28 Mumby, P, A.J. Edwards, J. E. Arias-González, K.C. Lindeman, P. G. Blackwell, A. Gall, M. I. Gorczynska, A.R. Harborne, C. L. Pescod, H. Renken, C. C. C. Wabnitz & Ghislane Llewellyn^. (2003). Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature 427, 533-536 (5 February 2004) | doi:10.1038/nature02286.

29 Giri C., E. Ochieng, L. L. Tieszen, Z. Zhu, A. Singh, T. Loveland3, J. Masek and N. Duke Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Global Ecology and Biogeography, (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) (2011) 20, 154–159

30 Spalding, M., Kainuma, M., & Collins, L. (2010). World atlas of mangroves. Earthscan.

31 FAO (2003) Status and trends in mangrove area extent worldwide. Forest Resources Assessment Working aper-63. In: Wilkie M, Fortuna S, editors. Roma: Forest Resources Division, FAO. Available: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/j15​33e00.htm. Accessed 2014 Feb 4.

32 Spalding et al. (2010)

33 Ibid

34 Waycott M, et al. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:12377–12381.

35 Wilkinson 2003 world atlas of Seagrasses.

36 Heck KLJ, T. J. B. Carruthers, C. M. Duarte, A. R. Hughes, G. Kendrick, R. J. Orth, and S.W. Williams. (2008)  Trophic transfers from seagrass meadows subsidize diverse marine and terrestrial consumers. Ecosystems 11:1198–1210

37 Agostini et al. (2010)

38 Conservation International (CI) (2014). Caribbean Islands: Unique Biodiversity. http://www.conservation.org/where/priority_areas/hotspots/north_central_america/Caribbean-Islands/Pages/biodiversity.aspx. Accessed 10 Feb 2014.

39 Burgess, GH, and R Franz (1989). Zoogeography of the Antillean Freshwater Fish Fauna. In Woods, CA (ed.). Biogeography of the West Indies. Sandhill

Crane Press. U of Florida. pp. 263-304.

40 http://fish.mongabay.com/data/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.htm#sDUwGP3hBss2JCXm.99

41 Horwith, B. and K. Lindsay (1999). A Biodiversity Profile of St. Kitts and Nevis. Island Resources Foundation. Unpublished report prepared for Nevis Historical and Conservation Society and St. Christopher Heritage Society. 89 pp

42 Caribbean Conservation Association and Island Resources Foundation (1991). St. Kitts and Nevis Environmental Profile. Island Resources Foundation, St.

Thomas, USVI. 277 pp.

43 Eckert, Karen L. and Thomas D. Honebrink. 1992. WIDECAST Sea Turtle Recovery Action Plan for St. Kitts and Nevis (Karen L. Eckert, Editor). CEP Technical Report No. 17. UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme, Kingston, Jamaica. 116p.

44 OBIS-SEAMAP. Online data search. http://seamap.env.duke.edu. Accessed 31 January 2014.

45 Meylan (1983) in Eckert and Honebrink (1992)

46 IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 13 February 2014.

47 Helmer EH, Kennaway TA, Pedreros DH, Clark ML, Marcano-Vega H, Tieszen LL, Ruzycki TR, Schill SR and CMS Carrington (2008). Land cover and forest formation distributions for St. Kitts, Nevis, St. Eustatius, Grenada and Barbados from decision tree classification of cloud-cleared satellite imagery. Caribbean Journal of Science 44(2): 175-198.

48 Horwith and Lindsay (1999)

49 Pedersen, S. C., H. H. Genoways, G. G. Kwiecinski, P. A. Larsen, and R. J. Larsen (2013). Biodiversity, biogeography, and conservation of bats in the Lesser Antilles. Pp. 62-73, 330, in Biodiversité insulaire: la flore, la faune et l’homme dans les Petites Antilles, eds. J.-L. Vernier and M. Burac. France: Schoelchers, Martinique, Direction de l'Environnement, de l'Aménagement et du Logement de Martinique et Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, 335 pp.

50 Pedersen, S. C., H. H. Genoways, M. N. Morton, J. W. Johnson, and S. E. Courts (2003). Bats of Nevis, Northern Lesser Antilles. Acta Chiropterologica: 5 (2), 251-267

51 Rodriguez, A. and B. Rodriguez (2008). Myotis dominicensis. In: IUCN (2013). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 10 February 2014.

52 Scott C. Pedersen, Hugh H. Genoways, Mathew N. Morton, James W. Johnson, and Siân E. Courts. 2003. Bats of Nevis, Northern Lesser Antilles. Acta Chiropterologica (2003): 5 (2), 251-267

53 Pedersen, S. C., H. H. Genoways, G. G. Kwiecinski, P. A. Larsen, and R. J. Larsen (2013). Biodiversity, biogeography, and conservation of bats in the Lesser Antilles. Pp. 62-73, 330, in Biodiversité insulaire: la flore, la faune et l’homme dans les Petites Antilles, eds. J.-L. Vernier and M. Burac. France: Schoelchers, Martinique, Direction de l'Environnement, de l'Aménagement et du Logement de Martinique et Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, 335 pp.

54 Nevis Ornithological Society. http://birdsofnevis.com. Accessed 14 February 2014.

55 BirdLife International (2008). Important Bird Areas in the Caribbean: key sites for conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 15), 348pp.

56 Malhotra, Anita; Thorpe, Roger S. (1999), Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean, Macmillan Education Ltd., pp. 65–68,ISBN 0-333-69141-5.

57 Horwith and Lindsay (1999).

58 Robert P. and R. W. Henderson. (2005). Conservation Status of Lesser Antillean Reptiles. Iguana. 12(2): 63-76.

59 Hedges, S. B. (2014). Caribherp: West Indian amphibians and reptiles (www.caribherp.org). Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.

60 John F., B. Hedges, B. Ibéné, M. Breuil, R. Powell, C. Magin 2010. Leptodactylus fallax. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 09 February 2014.

61 Bass D. (2003a). A survey of freshwater macroinvertebrates in Tobago, West Indies. Living World, Journal of Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalist’s Club. 2003:64-69.

62 Bass D. (2003b). A comparison of freshwater macroinvertebrate communities on small Caribbean islands. BioScience 53(11): 1094-1100. http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1641/0006-3568%282003%29053%5B1094%3AACOFMC%5D2.0.CO%3B2?uid=3739568&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21103330443151 purchase – read abstract

63 Bass, D. Unpublished data. 1996 & 1997 in Horwith, B. and K. Lindsay (1999). A Biodiversity Profile of St. Kitts and Nevis. Island Resources Foundation. Unpublished report prepared for Nevis Historical and Conservation Society and St. Christopher Heritage Society. 89 pp

64 Briggs JC (1984) Freshwater fishes and biogeography of Central America and the Antilles. Systemic Zoology 33(4): 428-435.

65 Bauchot (1959) in Horwith and. Lindsay (1999).

66 BirdLife International (2008). Important Bird Areas in the Caribbean: key sites for conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 15), 348pp.

67 Mings, L. and B. Cooper (2011). St Kitts Baseline Biodiveristy Study. Annex II: Assessment of Socio-Economic Conditions for Central Forest Reserve National Park, St Kitts. Unpublished Draft report for Environmental and Socioeconimic Baseline Studies for OPAAL Demonstration Sites in St Kitts and Nevis and In Grenada: OECS Portected Areas and Associated Livelihoods (OPAAL) Project.

68 Catalogue of Life: 20th January 2014. Asplenium malcolm-smithii Proctor. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/15787672.

69 Mings, L. and B. Cooper (2011). St Kitts Baseline Biodiveristy Study. Annex II: Assessment of Socio-Economic Conditions for Central Forest Reserve National Park, St Kitts. Unpublished Draft report for Environmental and Socioeconimic Baseline Studies for OPAAL Demonstration Sites in St Kitts and Nevis and In Grenada: OECS Portected Areas and Associated Livelihoods (OPAAL) Project.

70 Espeut, Peter, 2006 Opportunities for Sustainable Livelihoods in Each of the Independent OECS Territories of the OPAAL Project. OECS-ESDU publication. In: Ibid.

71 Clarke, Michel & Rhiney, 2010. Final Draft of Report for Study: to Determine The Feasibility Of Both Existing and New Sustainable Livelihood Initiatives for Communities Around the Central Forest Reserve National Park, St. Kitts, OECS Protected Areas and Associated Livelihoods (OPAAL) Project. In: Ibid.

72 Burke L and J Maidens (2004) Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. World Resources Institute, Washington D.C., USA. 84 p.

73 Subsistence agricultural activities, as defined here, include pasturing of animals, cultivation of fruits and vegetables or other crops for personal consumption or for sale in local markets.

74 Bruckner and Williams (2012)

75 Sade and Hildrich (1965)

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