FOREWORD 7
ABSTRACT 9
A INTRODUCTION AND MANDATE 11
A.1 Introduction 11
A.2 Mandate of the Ad hoc Multidisciplinary Group of Experts on Safety in Tunnels 12
B PRINCIPLES 15
B.1 Development of road traffic 15
B.2 Road accidents 16
B.3 Extent of damage 17
B.4 Safety in road tunnels 19
C MEASURES TO IMPROVE SAFETY IN ROAD TUNNELS 21
C.1 ROAD USERS as factor No 1 influencing safety in road tunnels 21
C.2 OPERATION as factor influencing safety in road tunnels 26
C.3 INFRASTRUCTURE as factor influencing safety in road tunnels 32
C.4 VEHICLES as factor influencing safety in road tunnels 39
D CONCLUSION 45
D.1 Safety in road tunnels 45
D.2 Outlook 45
D.3 Costs 46
D.4 Next steps 47
E ANNEXES 49
ANNEX 1 – Road signing for tunnels 49
Appendix 51
ANNEX 2 – List of abbreviations 55
ANNEX 3 – Number of tunnels over 1000 m in Europe 57