Curriculum of telecommunication engineering be/BSc me/MSc (Revised 2015) higher education commission islamabad curriculum division, hec

Introduce the concepts and mathematical methods to understand and analyze electromagnetic fields and waves.

Topics covered include: Review of Vector Analysis, Orthogonal Coordinate Systems, Vector Calculus, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Helmholtz Theorem, Divergence theorem and applications, Stokes theorem and applications, Greens’s Theorem and applications, Coulomb’s Law, Gauss Law, Electric Flux Density, Poisson’s Value Problems, Magnetic Fields, Current Density, Biot-Savart Law, Vector Magnetic Potential, Magnetic Field Intensity, Boundary Conditions, Maxwell’s Equations In Integral and Point Form, Poynting Vector, Plane Wave, Propagation In Isotropic Media, and Simulation using standard tools.

1. J. D. Kraus, “Electromagnetics”, Fourth Edition, 1991, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN-13: 978-0070356214.

2. David K. Cheng, “Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics”, Pearson New International Edition, 2013, Pearson, ISBN-13: 978-1292026589 .

3. William Hayt and John A. Buck, “Engineering Electromagnetics”, Eighth Edition, 2011, McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0073380667.

4. Sadiku, Matthew N, “Elements of Electromagnetics”, Fifth Edition, 2009, Oxford University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0195387759.

5. Umran S. Inan, Aziz Inan and Ryan Said, “Engineering Electromagnetics and Waves”, Second Edition, 2014, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0132662741.

The objective of this course is to teach the principles, operation and characteristics of various electronic devices and their applications in electronic circuits.

Topics include: Diodes, Forward & Reverse Characteristics of Diode, Special Purpose Diodes, Equivalent Circuit of a Diode, Diode as a Switch, Diode Applications, Half Wave & Full wave rectifiers, Clipper & Clamper circuits, Bipolar Junction Transistor, Transistor Operation, Types of Transistor, Transistor Biasing Configurations, Common Emitter, Common Base, Common Collector, DC & AC analysis of BJT, Field Effect Transistors, FET Biasing Techniques, Common Drain, Common Source, Common Gate, Fixed Bias and Self Bias Configuration, Voltage Divider Biasing, Universal JFET Bias Curve, DC & AC analysis of FETs.

The emphasis is first on understanding the characteristics of basic circuits including resistors, capacitors, diodes, bipolar and field effect transistors. The students then use this understanding to construct more complex circuits such as rectifier circuits and power supplies.

1. A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith,” Microelectronic Circuits”, Sixth Edition, 2009, Oxford University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0195323030.

2. Robert Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, “Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory”, Eleventh Edition, 2012, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0132622264.

3. Robert Paynter, “Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits: Electron Flow Version”, Seventh Edition, 2005, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0131716414.

4. Richard Jaeger and Travis Blalock, “Microelectronic Circuit Design”, Fourth Edition, 2010, McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0073380452.

Communication Systems 3 + 1
Prerequisites Probability Methods in Engineering
Objective

To introduce the basic concepts of Linear and Non Linear Modulation Schemes in the presence of Noise

Topics covered include: Introduction to Communication Model, Essential BW of signal, Shannon’s equation, Distortion and equalization (With a brief introduction of Fourier analysis, convolution and correlation concepts if required), linear modulation (AM and its types), Exponential Modulation, Demodulation and detection techniques, Transmission BW for AM & FM signals, Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits, Pulse Modulation and Demodulation, Fundament concepts of probability and random processes, Noise and its treatment, SNR of AM and FM.

Implementation and understanding of analog and digital modulation schemes and their spectra.

1. B.P. Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, Fourth Edition, 2009, Oxford University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0195331455.

2. L. W. Couch, “Digital & Analog Communication Systems”, Eighth Edition. 2014, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-7121200304.

3. S. Haykin, “Communication Systems”, Fifth Edition, 2009, Wiley, ISBN-13: 978-0471697909.

4. A.B Carlson and Paul Crilly, “Communication Systems,” Fifth Edition, 2009, McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0073380407.
Signals & Systems 3 + 0
Prerequisite Differential Equations, Calculus & Analytical Geometry
Objective

To provide understanding of signals, systems and transforms.

Topics include: Complex number and their applications, introduction to continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems, Linear time invariant (LTI) systems, difference equation, causality, BIBO stability, convolution and correlation, Fourier series and transforms, time and frequency characterization of signals and systems, the sampling theorem, aliasing, z-transform and introduction to discrete Fourier transform. Case studies: communication systems, linear feedback systems and analog filter.

1. Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S.Willsky and S.Hamid, “Signals and Systems”, Second Edition, 1996, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0138147570.

2. Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen, “Signals and Systems”, First Edition, 1998, Wiley, ISBN-13: 978-0471138204.

3. B. P. Lathi, “Linear Systems and Signals”, Second Edition, 2004, Oxford University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0195158335.

4. A. Anand Kumar, “Signals and Systems”, 2012, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-8120345614.
Probability Methods in Engineering 3 + 0
Prerequisite Calculus & Analytical Geometry
Objective

To introduce the concepts of probabilistic methods and its applications to telecommunications.

Topics covered include: Basic concept of probability, conditional probability, independent events, Baye’s theorem, concept of random variables, discrete and continuous one and two dimensional random variables, probability distributions, marginal and joint distributions and density functions, important probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Normal, Exponential and Hyper-geometric), mean, variance, moments and moment generating functions, central limit theorem, autocorrelation and cross-correlations.

1. A. Leon-Garcia, “Probability and Random Processes For Electrical Engineering”, Third Edition, 2008, Pearson Education, ISBN-13: 978-0131471221.

2. A. Popoulis and U. Pillai, “Probability Random Variable and Stochastic Processes”, Fourth Edition, 2002, McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0071226615.

3. J. Devore, “Probability and Statistics”, Eight Edition, 2011, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN-13: 978-0538733526.

4. Douglas C. Montgomery and George C. Runger, “Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers”, Fifth Edition, 2010, John Wiley, ISBN-13: 978-0470910610.

Major Based Core (Breadth)
Digital Communications 3 + 1
Prerequisite Communication Systems
Objective

This course emphasizes the mathematical design of digital modulation techniques and the evaluation of their performance in an AWGN channel.

Topics include: Digital modulation techniques, Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK), differential encoding and M-ary signaling, performance of M-ary Signaling, pulse shapes, matched filters, eye diagram, performance (BER and bps/Hz) comparisons of modulation schemes in band limited and non-band limited channels, forward error correction codes, basic concepts of information theory, cellular systems, diversity and multiple access techniques.

Following the theoretical guidelines, perform practicals for various modulation schemes on trainers and software. A design example to carry out performance comparisons of various modulation schemes based on bit error rate calculations or PSD plots.

1. J. G. Proakis and M. Salehi, “Digital Communications”, Fifth Edition, 2007, McGraw Hill, ISBN: 978-0072957167.

2. B. Sklar, “Digital Communications”, Second Edition, 2001, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 978-0130847881.

3. L. W. Couch, “Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, Eighth Edition, 2012, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 978-0132915380.

4. S. Haykin, “Digital Communication Systems”, First Edition, 2013, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471647355.
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 3 + 1
Prerequisite Digital Logic Design
Objective

Teach the architecture, programming, interfacing, and applications of microprocessors and microcontrollers.

Topics covered include: Introduction to microprocessors, instruction set architecture (ISA), assembly language programming, hardware model, read/write cycles, exception/interrupt processing, memory systems, I/O devices, DMA, interfacing to memory and I/O devices, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, Introduction to microcontrollers, Application, Basic Core Architecture, and Pin Configuration, microcontroller instruction set and programming, Handling of Timers, Counter and Interrupts, Serial Communication, RS-232 protocol, Interfacing of devices including ADC 0804 & ADC 0808, DAC, Keypad interfacing, Stepper motor and LCD, Introduction to PIC microcontrollers.

Study of microprocessor ISA using its training boards, implementation of interfacing techniques (using gates, decoders, and SPLDs) to memory system and different I/O devices, learning and implementation of interrupt-driven I/O, learning and implementation of simple microcontroller based circuits and semester mini projects.

1. Barry B. Brey, “The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4”, Eighth Edition, 2008, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0135026458.

2. Douglas V. Hall, “Microprocessor and Interfacing: Programming and Hardware”, Second Edition, 1991, Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0070257429.

3. Han-Way Huang, “PIC Microcontroller: An Introduction to Software & Hardware Interfacing”, First Edition, 2004, Thomson Delmar Learning, ISBN-13: 978-1401839673.

4. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Mazidi and Rolin McKinlay, “8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems”, Second Edition, 2005, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0131194021.

5. J. W. Valvano , “Embedded Systems: Introduction to Arm® Cortex(TM)-M3 Microcontrollers (Volume 1)”, Fifth Edition, 2012, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN-13: 978-1477508992.

6. J. W. Valvano,” Embedded Systems: Real-Time Interfacing to Arm® Cortex(TM)-M Microcontrollers”, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2011, ISBN-13: 978-1463590154.

Digital Signal Processing 3 + 1
Prerequisite Signals and Systems
Course Outline

Topics include: Discrete-time signal and its representation, Discrete-time signals and systems, Time-domain analysis of discrete-time signals, Frequency-domain analysis, Discrete-time Fourier series, Discrete-time Fourier transform, System response and frequency response, Z-transform and its properties, Solution of difference equations using Z-Transform, DFT and FFT algorithms, Implementation of Discrete-Time systems, Digital filter design, FIR and IIR filters.

Laboratory experiments should be designed to train the student to perform signal processing concepts and digital filters designing using any DSP/ processor trainer and Matlab coding/Simulink modeling.

1. John G. Proakis and Dimitris K Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing- Principles, Algorithms and Applications”, Fourth Edition, 2006, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0131873742.

2. A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, “Discrete-Time Signal Processing,” Third Edition, 2009, Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-0131988422.

3. Richard Lyons, “Understanding Digital Signal Processing”, Third Edition, 2010, Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-0137027415.

Objective

To introduce the student to the basic concepts of electronic amplification and Oscillation as key building blocks in telecommunication system.
Course Outline

Topics covered include: Amplifier analysis, Transistor as an amplifier, hybrid model of a transistor, small-signal analysis, large-signal analysis, gain calculation of single-stage amplifier, cascading, multistage gain calculations, Classification of amplifiers on the basis of biasing – Class A amplifier, Class B amplifier, Class AB amplifier, Class C amplifier, push-pull amplifier, complementary symmetry amplifier, Classification of amplifiers on the basis of coupling – RC-coupled amplifier, transformer-coupled amplifier, direct-coupled amplifier, Classification of amplifiers on the basis of frequency – Audio-frequency amplifier, radio-frequency amplifier, tuned amplifiers, Voltage and current feedback amplifier, Effect of feedback on frequency response, Practical amplifier considerations – Input and output impedance, amplifier loading, impedance matching, Op Amp, Oscillators – Basic theory, tank circuit, damped and undamped oscillations, phase-shift oscillator, Colpitt oscillator, Hartley oscillator, Wein Bridge oscillator and Clapp oscillator.

Transistor curve tracer, AC voltage dividers, characterization and design of emitter and source followers, characterization and design of AC variable-gain amplifier, design of test circuits for BJTs and FETs, design of FET ring oscillators, design and characterization of emitter-coupled transistor pairs, tuned amplifier and oscillator, design of oscillators.

1. Thomas Floyd and David M.Buchla, “Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices, and Applications”, Eighth Edition, 2009, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978 – 0135072950.

2. Thomas Floyd and David Buchla, “Basic Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits”, Second Edition, 1998, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0130829870.

3. Richard C. Jaeger and Travis Blalock, “Microelectronic Circuit Design”, Fifth Edition, 2015, McGraw Hill, ISBN-13: 978-1259252457.

4. Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits”, Seventh Edition, 2014, Oxford University Press, ISBN-13: 978-0199339136
Control Systems 2 + 1
Prerequisite Differential Equations
Objective

To introduce the basic concepts of feedback & control in the analysis and design of telecommunication system.

Topics include: Classification of open and closed loop control, advantages and disadvantages, effects of feedback, examples including servomechanism, system model and characterization, block diagrams and canonical form, examples of control systems from telecom applications such as satellite tracking, LNAV/VNAV in aviation, flight control systems, heading tracking, signal flow graphs, DE and Laplace transforms, transfer function, poles and zeros, time domain analysis, steady-state error using static error coefficient method, dynamic error constant method, feedback characteristics of control systems, sensitivity of control systems, basic action of controllers (Proportional, Integral, PI and PID controllers), stability assessment (Routh, Bode,, Nyquist, Nichols chart), Compensation and compensator design for telecommunications applications and state space.

1. S. Ghosh, “Control Systems: Theory and Applications”, First Edition, 2009, Pearson, ISBN-13: 978-8131708286.

2. R. C. Dorf and R. H. Bishop, “Modern Control systems”, Twelfth Edition, 2010, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0136024583.
Antennas and Wave Propagation 3 + 1
Prerequisite Electromagnetic Theory, Network Analysis
Course Outline

Topics include: Radiation fundamentals and antenna parameters – radiated power, radiation resistance, radiation efficiency, input impedance, radiation pattern, directivity and gain, linear antennas, matching and feeding networks, antenna arrays, aperture antennas, microstrip antennas, broadband antennas, antennas in wireless technology, properties of receiving antennas – reciprocity, effective antenna area and radar cross section, radio wave propagation, effects of ground and atmosphere on propagation.

Practical Demonstration of Wave propagation using trainer and through simulation using numerical electromagnetic software (Microwave Office, HFSS, CST, etc.). Practical demonstration of antennas (various types). Calculation of VSWR, Smith chart evaluations and S-parameter understanding.

1. Constantine A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design”, Third Edition, 2005, Wiley, ISBN-13: 978-0471667827.

2. John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka, “Antennas”, Third Edition, 2001, McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0071232012.

Major Based Core (Depth)
Computer Communication Networks 3 + 1
Prerequisite None
Objective

Identify different applications of computer communications networks and understand the current state of the telecommunications industry.

The topics covered include: what Is the Internet? The network edge, the network core, delay, loss, and throughput in packet-switched networks, protocol layers and their service models, networks under attack, history of computer networking and the Internet, principles of network applications, the web and HTTP, FTP, transport-layer services, UDP, principles of reliable data transfer, TCP, network layer, Internet Protocol (IP), link layer services, error-detection and correction techniques, wireless and mobile networks, wireless links and network characteristics, Wi-Fi: 802.11 wireless LANs, cellular Internet access, multimedia networking applications, streaming stored audio and video, making the best of the best-effort service, protocols for real-time interactive applications, providing multiple classes of service and providing Quality of Service guarantees.

Ethernet star network performance evaluation using simulation software, switch configuration, creating different connectors, router configuration, etc.

1. J. F. Kurose and K. W. Ross, “Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach”, Sixth Edition, 2012, Pearson, ISBN-13: 978-0132856201.

2. Douglas E. Comer, “Computer Networks and Internets”, Sixth Edition, 2014, Addison-Wesley, ISBN-13: 978-0133587937.

3. A. S. Tananbaum and D. J. Wetherall, “Computer Networks”, Fifth Edition, 2010, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0132126953.

To impart the knowledge of transmission, switching, access network, MUX standards, switching modes, telecom networks, exchange hierarchy, signaling, telecom management and enterprise networks.

Topics covered include: Digital Telephone Network basics, PSTN, PLMN, dB in Communications, Power Levels, digital over analog transmission, principle of speech digitization, Voice Compression and Transmission, Asynchronous/Synchronous Transmission, Line Coding, Error Coding, Time Division Multiplexing, Space Division Multiplexing, Statistical Time Division Multiplexing, PDH and SDH multiplexing hierarchies, exchange hierarchy, PBX, Blocking Probabilities, 4-wire switching, Switch Matrix Control, Time and Space Division Switching, Two-dimensional Switching, Toll Switch, Digital Cross Connect & Digital Switching, types of switching, basic functions of typical digital switching exchanges software structure of SPC digital switches, Line Codes for Fiber Optic Transmission, routing techniques, software life cycle, Channel SS7 signaling components , intelligent Networks Associated Signaling (CAS) and Common Channel Signaling (CCS) ITU’s Common Channel Signaling System #7 (CCS7 Or SS7, broadband implementation in commercial exchange and introduction to soft switches.

Practical demonstration and exercise of telephone switching, call routing, signaling, trunking, numbering plan and charging of calls. IP telephony, router programming

1. J. E. Flood, “Telecommunication Switching, Traffic and Networks” First Edition, 1995, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0130333094.

2. John Bellamy, “Digital Telephony”, Third Edition, 2000, Wiley Interscience, ISBN-13: 978-0471345718.

3. Roger L. Freeman, “Telecommunications Transmission Handbook”, Fourth Edition, 1998, Wiley , ISBN-13: 978-0471672487.

4. David R. Smith, “Digital Transmission Systems”, Third Edition, 2012, Springer, ISBN-13: 978-1461347262.


Microwave Engineering 3 + 1
Prerequisite Antennas and Wave Propagation

Objective

Introduction to microwave devices and propagation.

Topics to be covered include: review of Maxwell’s equations, field in media and boundary conditions, the plane wave, reflection from media (dielectric, conductor) boundary, loss in conductors, surface resistance, energy, power, transmission line theory, the lossless line, terminated line, Smith’s chart, quarter wave transformer, lossy transmission line, general solution of waveguides, TEM TE and TM modes, TE and TM solution in rectangular waveguide, TEM modes on coaxial line and Strip-line structure, Quasi-TEM on Micro-strip line, characteristic impedance and loss calculations, microwave network analysis, impedance and equivalent voltage and current, impedance matrix, the scattering matrix, signal flow graphs, microwave matching networks, lumped single stub and double stub matching, microwave resonators, properties of series and parallel resonator, transmission line resonator, waveguide resonator, dielectric resonator, resonator coupling, microwave power dividers and couplers, properties of three port and four ports networks, Wilkinson’s power divider, hybrid coupler quadrature, coupled line coupler and introduction to microwave active devices.

Strip line and slot line practical demonstration, practical’s on waveguides and microwave detectors, Smith chart computation, etc.

D. M. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering”, Fourth Edition, 2011, Wiley, ISBN-13: 978-0470631553.

Familiarization with existing and emerging wireless standards and RF planning.

The topics covered include: channel structure, signal flow, operation and maintenance features vis-à-vis cellular and WLAN/WMAN/WPAN technologies, wireless network planning process, RF environment introduction and propagation model, antenna and feeder system, link budget, capacity theory, site survey, network optimization process, signaling trace, access optimization, handoff optimization, power control optimization, drop call optimization, drive test, and introduction to advanced tools for network planning, simulation and optimization

1. A. Ghosh, J. Zhang, J. G. Andrews and R. Muhamed, “Fundamentals of LTE”, First Edition, 2010, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0137033119.

2. Y. Xiao and Y. Pan, “Emerging Wireless LANs, Wireless PANs, and Wireless MANS: IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15, 802.16 Wireless Standard Family”, First Edition, 2009, Wiley, ISBN-13: 978-0471720690.

3. D. M. Dobkin, “RF Engineering for Wireless Networks”, First Edition, 2004, Newnes, ISBN-13: 978-0750678735.

4. H. Hammuda, “Cellular Mobile Radio Systems: Designing Systems for Capacity Optimization”, First Edition, 1998, Wiley, ISBN-13: 978-0471956419.

5. J. Wheat, R.Hiser, J. Tucker, A. Neely and A. McCullough, “Designing a Wireless Network: Understanding How Wireless Communication Works”, First Edition, 2001, Syngress, ISBN-13: 978-1928994459.

Understand optical fiber propagation, device characteristics and use of optical fiber as a transmission medium.

Introduction to optical fiber communications, basic principles, Snells law, numerical aperture, Fresnel loss, fiber types, single mode and multimode, optical fiber losses, (attenuation, dispersion, polarization), special optical fibers, light sources (LED, LASER), light detection (p-i-n and APD), components and connectors, link budget calculations (power based and rise time based), receiver design considerations (IM/DD and Coherent systems), modulation schemes, receiver performance (BER and Eye Diagram) optical measurement (e.g., OTDR) optical DWDM systems, examples from commercial implementations, e.g., TAT-9, TAT-14, optical amplifiers, EPON, GPON and introduction to FSO.

Familiarization with fiber characteristics, sources, detectors, OTDR, splicing, transmission (WDM), using hardware and software tools.

1. J. Senior, “Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice”, Third Edition, 2008, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0130326812.

2. G. Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communications”, Fourth Edition, 2010, McGraw Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0073380711.

3. J. Ahmed, M. Y. Siyal, F. Adeel and A. Hussain, “Optical Signal Processing by Silicon Photonics”, First Edition, 2013, Springer, ISBN-13: 978-9814560108.

4. G. P. Agrawal, “Fiber-Optic Communication Systems”, Fourth Edition, 2010, Wiley, ISBN-13: 978-0470505113.
Final Year Design Project I 0 + 3
Outline

To give the students a chance to show case their technical capabilities by applying their theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of R&D.

To give the students a chance to show case their technical capabilities by applying their theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of R&D.

List of MBC Electives
Multimedia Systems 3 + 0
Prerequisite None
Objective

To study various media types including text, images, speech, audio, video and compression techniques.

Topics covered include: multimedia systems, multimedia networks and applications, networking terminology, digitizing principles, text, image audio, video information representation, text and image compression techniques (JPEG, MPEG), audio and video compression standards for multimedia communication, construction of 3-D images and videos, transport of high definition video signals and VoD.

1. Fred Halsall, “Multimedia Communications: Applications, Networks, Protocols and Standards”, First Edition, 2000, Addison-Wesley, ISBN: 978-0201398182.

2. Y. Wang, J. Ostermann and Y-Q Zhang, “Video Processing and Communications”, First Edition, 2001, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 978-0130175472.
Satellite Communications 3 + 0
Prerequisite None
Objective

Understand the basics of satellite communication, orbits, types of satellites and communication modes.

Topics covered include: principles of satellite communication, uplink and downlink frequencies, types of satellites, orbital mechanics, introduction, Kepler’s laws, orbital elements, perturbations and antennas, polarization, the space segment, power supply, altitude control, station keeping, thermal control, TT&C subsystem, transponders, antenna subsystem, the earth segment, receive-only home TV systems, transmit/receive earth stations, the space links, equivalent isotropic radiated power, transmission losses, link power budget equation, system noise, carrier-to-noise ratio, interference between satellite circuits, combined (C/I) due to interference on uplink and downlink, antenna gain function, pass band interference, multiple access techniques, direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services, MSAT, VSATs, and GPS.

1. G. Maral, M. Bousquet and Z. Sun, “Satellite Communications Systems: Systems, Techniques and Technology”, Fifth Edition, 2010, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0470714584.

2. T. Pratt, C. W. Bostian and J. E. Allnutt, “Satellite Communications”, Second Edition, 2002, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471370079.
Telecom Standards & Regulations 3 + 0
Prerequisite None
Objective

Familiarization with ICT, its economic, political and socio-cultural impact at international/local level.

Topics include: Introduction to ICT Basic Concepts and Selected Regulatory Terminologies, Pakistan Telecom Background/Historical Perspective, Introduction to and Functioning of Telecom Regulatory Stakeholders in Pakistan, Telecom Deregulation and Liberalization, Regulating for Effective Competition, Process of legislation in Pakistan and Introduction to Telecom Policies, Act, Rules and Regulations, Introduction to / Familiarization with International/ Regional Telecom Organizations / Bodies, Introduction to Telecom Standards and Protocols.

1. The Association of Progressive Communications (APC) ICT Policy Handbook 2009

2. Telecommunication Regulations Handbook 2011, published by World Bank/info Dev; Chapters 1 & 2, soft copy available at www.worldbank.org
Telecom Traffic Engineering 3 + 0
Prerequisite Probability Methods in Engineering
Objective

Introduce basic concepts of traffic engineering, modeling and management.

Topics covered include: Poisson process, Markov processes, birth-death processes, purpose of tele traffic theory, tele traffic models, classical model for telephone traffic, classical model for data traffic, telecommunication networks, network level - switching and routing, link level - multiplexing and concentration, shared media - multiple access, circuit switched network modeled as a loss network, packet switched network modeled as a queuing network, traffic measurements, traffic variations, traditional modeling of telephone traffic, traditional modeling of data traffic, simple tele traffic model, Poisson model, Erlang model, binomial models, Engset model M/M/1, M/M/n, generation of traffic process realizations, generation of random variable realizations, collection of data, statistical analysis, network planning, traffic forecasts, dimensioning, MPLS traffic management, IP-networks, traffic and congestion control in the Internet and QoS architectures in the Internet.

1. T. Viswanathan, “Telecommunication Switching Systems and Networks”, First Edition, 2004, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 978-8120307131.

2. J. C. Bellamy, “Digital Telephony”, Third Edition, 2000, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0471345718.

3. Chee Hock Ng, Soong Boon-Hee, “Queueing Modelling Fundamentals: With Applications in Communication Networks”, Second Edition, 2008, Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 9780470519578.

4. G. Giabene, “Queuing Theory and Telecommunications: Networks and Applications”, Second Edition, 2014, Springer, ISBN: 978-1461440833.

5. Donald Gross, John F. Shortle, James M. Thompson, Carl M. Harris, “Fundamentals of Queueing Theory”, Fourth Edition, 2008, Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 9780471791270.

6. Leonard Kleinrock, “Queueing Systems (Volume I): Theory,” John Wiley & Sons, 1975. ISBN: 0471491101
Next Generation Networks 3 + 0
Prerequisite Communication Systems
Objective

To impart knowledge of important areas of NGNs.

Topics include: NGN standardization by ITU, fixed and mobile broadband as basis for NGN, NGN architectures, NGN services, QoS and IMS for NGN deployments, VoIP and IPTV services over NGN, Internet of Everything, VPN in NGN, IPv6-based NGN, migration scenarios from legacy networks to NGN, business approaches and regulation for NGN, future networks as defined by ITU, including network virtualization, software defined networking, smart ubiquitous networks, big data issues, OTT service providers versus Telco service models, impact of M2M in the future, convergence of regulation towards future networks, cloud computing, including ITU's framework, cloud ecosystem, architectures and cloud service models, cloud security, OTT cloud services, Telco cloud implementations, mobile cloud computing services and applications, as well as business and regulation aspects for cloud computing.

1. Wilkinson, N., “Next generation networks services: Technologies and strategies”, 2002, John Wiley & Sons. 196 p. ISBN 0-47148667.

2. Ohrtman, F D. “Softswitch Architecture for VoIP”, 2003: McGraw-Hill, 359 p. ISBN 0-071409777.

3. Mueller, S M., “APIs and Protocols for Convergent Network Services”, 2002, McGraw-Hill, 445 p. ISBN 0-07138880X.

4. Hu Hanrahan, “Network Convergence: services, Applications, Transport, and Operations Support”, 2007, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN-13: 978-0470024416.
Network Security 3 + 0
Prerequisite None
Objective

To introduce the fundamental concepts of network information security and management, including encryption, secure access methods, and vulnerabilities in network protocols, operating systems, and network applications.

Topics covered include: web security, security standards, intruders and viruses, firewalls, Shannon’s theory of perfect secrecy, shift and product cipher, Vernon’s one-time pad; secret key and public/private key cryptography, cryptographic hashes and message digests, authentication systems (Kerberos), digital signatures and certificates, Kerberos and X.509v3 digital certificates, PGP and S/MIME for electronic mail security, current network security publications and web sites.

1. William Stallings, “Network Security Essentials: Applications and Standards”, Fifth Edition, 2013, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 978-0133370430.

2. C. Kaufman, R. Perlman and M. Speciner, “Network Security: Private Communication in a Public World”, Second Edition, 2002, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 978-0130460196.

3. Keith M. Martin, “Everyday Cryptography: Fundamental Principles and Applications”, First Edition, 2012, Oxford university press, ISBN-13: 978-0199695591.

To determine the location of stationary and moving targets.

Topics covered include: operation, range equation, frequencies, parameters and prediction of range performance, minimum detectable signal, receiver, signal to noise ratio, integration of radar pulses, radar cross section, transmitter power, antenna parameters, system losses, propagation effects, radar clutters, CW and frequency modulated radar, MTI and pulse Doppler radar, tracking radar, radar transmitters, antennas, receivers, displays and duplexers, detection criteria, detector characteristics, performance of radar operator, automatic detection, atmospheric echoes and detection of target in clutter.

1. B. Edde, “Radar: Principles Technology and Applications”, First Edition, 1992, Prentice Hall, ISBN: 978-0137523467.

2. M. Skolnik, “Introduction to Radar Systems”, Third Edition, 2002, McGraw Hill, ISBN: 978-0072881387.

3. Merrill Skolnik, “Radar Handbook”. Third Edition, 2008, McGraw-Hill, ISBN: 978-0071485470.

4. Mark A. Richards, James A. Scheer and William A. Holm, “Principles of Modern Radar”, 2010, Scitech Publishing Inc., 978-1891121524.

5. George W. Stimson, “Introduction to Airborne Radar (Aerospace & Radar Systems)”, 1998, Scitech Publishing Inc., 978-1891121012.

6. Bassem R. Mahafza, “Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB”, Third Edition, 2013, CRC Press, 978-1439884959.

7. Fulvio Gini, Antonio De Maio and Lee K. Patton, “Waveform Design and Diversity for Advanced Radar Systems”, 2012, IET Publishers, 978-1849192651.

To be aware of concepts of telecommunication management networks, architecture, design, methodology and its alarm management.

Topics covered include: TNM architecture, functional architecture, physical architecture and information, logical layered architecture, TNM relationship with other management approaches, requirements, analysis, class diagrams, alarm management information object classes, inheritance and relationship between alarm list and information, IRP operations, generic rules, TNM design, eTOM, NGOSS, ITIL, managing next generation networks, ITU-T M.3100 information model, G.803, CMIP, F-interface architecture, SNMP, packet types and fundamentals of RF planning.

1. S. Aidarous and T. Plevyak,“Telecommunications Network Management: Technologies and Implementations”, First Edition, 1997, Wiley-IEEE Press, ISBN: 978-0780334540.

2. H-G. Hegering, S. Abeck, B. Neumair,“Integrated Management of Networked Systems: Concepts, Architectures and their Operational Application”, First Edition, 1999, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN: 978-0123911100.
List of ID Electives
Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 + 1
Prerequisite None
Objective

To introduce the student to numerical solution of mathematical problems.

Topics covered include: Floating point number system, error analysis, solutions of equations, interpolation, splines, numerical differentiation and integration, numerical methods in linear algebra, system of linear equations, method of least squares, eigenvalues, eigenvectors, solution of ordinary and partial differential equations.

Erwin Kreyszig, “WIE Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, Ninth Edition, 2010, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN-13: 978-0470647653.

To provide concepts of different operating systems.

Topics covered include: Overview of computer system and operating system, process description and control, process scheduling, threads, symmetric multiprocessing, mutual exclusion and critical section, lost update problem, busy waiting versus blocking, Peterson’s algorithm, interrupt disabling and spin lock, semaphore, partitioning, paging and segmentation, virtual memory, address translation and page fault handling, page table and translation look aside buffer, memory management algorithms, fetch policy, replacement policy, resident set management, I/O devices, organization of I/O function, I/O buffering, disk scheduling, RAID, organization of files and directories, secondary storage management, file systems, and modern operating systems.

Understand the working of different operating systems and try to develop one.

1. Andrew Tanenbaum and Albert Woodhull,” Operating Systems Design and Implementation”, Third Edition, 2006, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0131429383.

2. Andrew Tanenbaum, “Modern Operating Systems”, Third Edition, 2007, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0136006633.

3. William Stalling, “Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles”, Eighth Edition, 2014, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0133805918.

4. Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin and Greg Gagne, “Operating System Concepts”, Eighth Edition, 2008, Wiley, ISBN-13: 978-0470128725.
VLSI Systems 2 + 1

Prerequisite None
Objective

Examines the device and circuit level optimization of digital building blocks.

Topics include: MOS device models including Deep Sub-Micron effects, circuit design styles for logic, arithmetic and sequential blocks, estimation and minimization of energy consumption, interconnect models and parasitics, device sizing and logical effort, timing issues (clock skew and jitter) and active clock distribution techniques, memory architectures, circuits (sense amplifiers) and devices and testing of integrated circuits.

Extensive use of circuit layout and SPICE in design projects and software laboratories.

Rabaey, Jan, Anantha Chandrakasan and Bora Nikolic, “Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective”, Second Edition, 2003, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0130909961.

Introduce the student to different data structures, simple sorting and searching algorithms.

Topics covered include: Fundamental data structures, data types, abstract data types, user defined data types, algorithms and their complexity, time-space trade off, arrays, records and pointers, matrices, linked lists, circular lists, two way lists, sequential (array) and linked implementation of stacks and queues, polish notation, recursion, towers of Hanoi, recursive implementation of stacks and queues, priority queues, tree, binary tree, binary search tree, traversals, threaded trees, heap, general trees, graphs, depth-first/breadth first traversal, adjacency matrix, shortest distance algorithms, sorting, insertion sort, selection sort, merge sort, radix sort), hashing, searching: (linear search, binary search, depth first / breadth first search.

Implementation using simple programs for basic arrays, single dimensional arrays, two dimensional arrays, various algorithms implementation, implementation of simple data structure like array, implementation of stacks, queues and priority queues, linked list, doubly linked list, circular linked list, tree searching algorithms, hash algorithms implementation, simple sorting techniques including bubble sorting and selection sorting, advanced searching schemes including binary searching and quick searching.

1. Robert Lafore, “Data Structures and Algorithms in Java”, Second Edition, 2002, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0672324536.

2. Robert Lafore, “Object-Oriented Programming in C++”, Fourth Edition, 2001, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0672323089.
Embedded Systems 2 + 1
Prerequisite Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
Objective

The objective of this course is to implement the concepts developed in Microprocessor and Interfacing techniques course.

Topics include: Introduction to Embedded Systems, Hardware Architecture of Embedded Systems, Programming Model of Embedded Systems, I/O Port structure and Memory Organization, Serial and Parallel Interface, Timers and Interrupt Handling, Software Design for Embedded Systems, Single Board Computer, Software Development Tools, Hardware Interfacing and Introduction to AVR Microcontrollers.

Theory related concepts should be implemented using hardware trainers. e.g., BGC, Midas, etc.

1. I. Scott MacKenzie, “The 8051 Microcontroller”, Fourth Edition, 2006, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0130195623.

2. Criag Steiner, “The 8051/8052 Microcontroller Architecture, Assembly Language and Hardware Interfacing”, 2005, Universal Publishers, ISBN-13: 978-1581124590.

3. Kalrasanjeev Kumar Kalra and Alka Kalra, “Architecture and Programming of 8051 Microcontrollers”, 2010, MikroElektronika, ISBN-13: 978-9380386317.

Introduce the student to fundamentals of AI.

Topics covered include: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Basic elements of AI, history, applications and classification of techniques used, Production Systems and Search, State Space Search, Heuristic Search, Knowledge Representation, Procedural Knowledge Representation versus Declarative Knowledge, Reasoning, Facts, Representing Knowledge using Rules, Logic Programming, Common Sense and Statistical Reasoning, How to deal with Agents and their Beliefs, Use of Certainty Factors in Rule-Based Systems, Associating probabilities to assertions in first-order logic, Bayesian Networks, Expert Systems, development methodology, knowledge representation, inference, forward chaining, backward chaining, production systems and rule based expert systems, Goal driven problem reasoning and data driven reasoning.

Programming in PROLOG or LISP. Exercises of AI in PROLOG or LISP. Develop an Expert System.

1. Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig, “Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach”, Third Edition, 2009, Prentice Hall, ISBN-13: 978-0136042594.

2. Elaine Rich and Kevin Knight, “Artificial Intelligence”, Second Edition, 1990, McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0070522633.

3. R. J. Schalkoff, “Artificial Intelligence in Engineering Approach”, 1990, McGraw Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0070550841.

4. Peter Jackson, “Introduction to Expert Systems”, Third Edition, 1998, Addison Wesley, ISBN-13: 978-0201876864.

5. Ivan Bratko, “Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence”, Fourth Edition, 2011, Addison Wesley, ISBN-13: 978-0321417466.

Familiarize student with metrics involved in determining reliability of systems.

Topics include: Introduction, basic reliability concepts, kinds of failure, the reliability function, catastrophic-failure models, combinational reliability, system reliability, effects of repair, mathematical design, statement of design problem in mathematical terms, yield and drift reliability, methods for computing probability of system success and optimization techniques

Peter W. Becker and Finn B. Jensen, “Design of Systems and Circuits for Maximum reliability and production yield”, 1977, Wiley Publishers, ISBN-13: 978-0070042308.

The committee has recommended that the following streams of specializations may be offered:

1. 
   Communication Systems
   
2. 
   Signal Processing
   
3. 
   RF Engineering
   
4. 
   Telecommunication Networks
   

• 
  The faculty members should pay particular attention to the development of problem-solving skills of students from the first semester. Special assignments and mini projects may be used to achieve this objective. It should be emphasized to the students that the objective of the course and laboratory work is to develop the skills that enable them to solve real-life problems.
  

• 
  The development of independent thinking and leadership skills of students is very important. The faculty members should keep this objective in mind in the course and laboratory work, and particularly in the final year design projects.
  

• 
  The final-year projects should involve analysis and design and the faculty members should encourage the students to collaborate with the industry.
  

• 
  The students should be required to make presentations on their projects and the people from the industry should be invited to these presentations.
  

• 
  The students should get practical experience during the course of studies. The educational institutions and faculty members should help the students to get meaningful internships in the government and industry, generally in the summer of second and third academic years. A formal procedure should be established that engages both faculty members and relevant people from the government and industry to review the progress of the students. The students should be required to write reports and give presentations at the end of their internships.
  
• 
  Based on the recommended topics outlined in this document, particular emphasis should be given to the “Quality Assurance Aspects” of the program through the development of course outlines. These course outlines should address the details of the topics, the way they will be delivered in the classroom and should include course goals, learning objectives, scheduled learning activities, teaching and learning strategies, and assessment strategies. Based on the particular choice of electives adopted at the Universities, a graduate attribute matrix should also be developed for the program offered by the University. These measures will also help the University in the quality assurance process.
  
• 
  It is strongly recommended that the core courses should be incorporated in the curriculum and a set of electives may be chosen to fulfill the program requirements. The list of electives proposed by the Committee may not be considered as complete. Universities may introduce additional electives according to the areas of expertise of their faculty members and available research facilities.
  
• 
  The laboratory work is an integral part of this curriculum and it should be given due importance in terms of both human resources and physical infrastructure.
  

Parts of speech and use of articles

Sentence structure, active and passive voice

Practice in unified sentence

Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension

Answers to questions on a given text

General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be at the discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students)

To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by subject teachers

Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher

Introduction

1. Functional English

a) Grammar

1. Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet. Exercises 1. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313492

2. Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313506

b) Writing

1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and 35-41.
c) Reading/Comprehension

1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 453402 2.

Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph

Introduction

Urdu to English

Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading, summary and précis writing and comprehension

Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet

Personality development (emphasis on content, style and pronunciation)

a) Grammar

1. Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19 431350 6.

b) Writing

1. 
   Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking).
   
2. 
   Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406 5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
   

c) Reading

1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0.

2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan

3. 
   Study Skills by Richard York.
   

Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative

How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper

1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3 (particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive, argumentative and report writing).

2. 
   College Writing Skills by John Langan. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2004.
   
3. 
   Patterns of College Writing (4^th edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St. Martin’s Press.
   

2. 
   Presentation Skills
   
3. 
   Reading
   

• 
  Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
  
• 
  Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
  

1. 
   Historical Perspective
   
   1. 
      Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
      
   2. 
      Factors leading to Muslim separatism
      
   3. 
      People and Land
      
      1. 
         Indus Civilization
         
      2. 
         Muslim advent
         
      3. 
         Location and geo-physical features.
         
2. 
   Government and Politics in Pakistan
   

1. 
   1947-58
   
2. 
   1958-71
   
3. 
   1971-77
   
4. 
   1977-88
   
5. 
   1988-99
   
6. 
   1999 onward
   
1. 
   Contemporary Pakistan
   
   1. 
      Economic institutions and issues
      
   2. 
      Society and social structure
      
   3. 
      Ethnicity
      
   4. 
      Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
      
   5. 
      Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
      

1. 
   Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The MacMillan Press Ltd 1980.
   
2. 
   Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
   
3. 
   S. M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
   
4. 
   Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
   
5. 
   Wilcox, Wayne. The Emergence of Bangladesh, Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
   
6. 
   Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Islamia, Club Road, nd.
   
7. 
   Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad.
   
8. 
   Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: Wm Dawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
   
9. 
   Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1980.
   
10. 
    Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
    
11. 
    Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
    
12. 
    Aziz, K. K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
    
13. 
    Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard, 1987.
    
14. 
    Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.