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1 This was evident in the 1999 exhibition, net condition, organised by Peter Weibel at the ZKM, in which close to one hundred artists working on the Net participated. For more information on the exhibition see: http://www.zkm.de.


2John Brockman, editor of a book of essays entitled, “ The Third Culture,” negates Snow’s optimistic prediction that a day will come when literary intellectuals will communicate effectively with scientists. Instead he makes the claim that the contemporary scientists are the third culture and alludes that there is no need for trying to establish communication between scientists and literary intellectuals, who he calls the “middlemen.” (Brockman, John. The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).


3 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense, laid the groundwork for what became the ARPANET in 1967 and, much later, the Internet. See: http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/index.page

4


 The Anagrammatical Body: The Body and Its Medial Construction at the ZKM|Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie. See: http://www.zkm.de


5 The Vision Ruhr exhibition is at the Zeche Zellern II/IV Coal Mine. See: http://www.vision-ruhr.de


6 For more on Black Mountain College, see Duberman, Martin. 1972. Black Mountain: An Exploration in Community. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.


7 For an excellent resource on Fluxus, see In the Spirit of Fluxus Exhibition Catalogue. Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, 1993. Distributed by New York: D.A.P. (Distributed Art Publishers).


8 Ono’s Cut Piece had implications on subsequent performance artists working with their bodies, such as Marina Abramovic, Ana Mendieta, and Gina Pane, and anticipated the work of Chris Burden and Vito Acconci.


9 Yves Klein’s infamous Leap into the Void, 1960, Photomontage by Harry Shunk, serves as a powerful metaphor for the creative act. The fictionalised photograph had an extraordinary impact on performance artists in the 1970’s, frequently involving self-endangering the body.


10 For an excellent paper on the connection between conceptual art and technology, see Edward A. Schanken, “Art in the Information Age: Technology and Conceptual Art” forthcoming in Michael Corris, ed., Invisible College: Reconsidering “Conceptual Art,” Cambridge UP, 2001 .


11 Nine Evenings, see Billy Kluver, “Theatre and Engineering: An Experiment, Notes by an Engineer”. Artforum V, February 1967. Pg. 31-34.



12 For more on EAT., see the EAT. Film Series that can be purchased from EAT Incorporated, 69 Appletree Row. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. 07922; also see: E.A.T. News 1, nos. 1-4, vol.2, No. 1, published between January 15, 1967 and March 18, 1968.


13 The word telematique was coined by Simon Nora and Alain Minc in L’Informatisation de la societe (Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1980, pg. 2)


14 For an excellent account of Moholy Nagy’s work in relation to emergence of telematic arts, see Kac, Eduardo. “Aspects of the Aesthetics of Telecommunications.” SIGGRAPH Visual Proceedings. New York: ACM, 1992.


15 I will use the term telecommunications as defined by Roy Ascott and Carl Loeffler, who define it as electronic transmission of information through computer networks, radio, slow-scan video, telephone, television, and satellites (Ascott, Loeffler, 236).


16 Kit Galloway and Sherrie Rabinowitz have created many projects over the years, and are still active in Santa Monica, California, from their Electronic Café, established in 1989 to promote interactive events called tele-poetry, tele-theatre, tele-dance and various other experiments for linking in real time. The Electronic Cafe is still a vital operation and has venues around the world. For more information, see http://www.e-cafe.com.


17 I gained this information from Roy Ascott in a conversation with him; I inquired if he had any experience with MUDs and MOOs, to which he replied that he had no knowledge of them at the time that he was working on this project.


18 For a psychosocial analysis of role-playing in the MUDs, see Turkle, Sherry. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995.

A more popular rendition is Howard Rheingold’s Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1993.



19 David Blair’s Wax Web is one of the very few examples of an art piece that uses film databasing in relation to MOO space. See: http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/wax/


20 Robert Nideffer and I have been working together on the development of the Information Personae agent that will take on different forms, depending on the context.



21 In 1951, a provisional body was created called the “Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire” (CERN). In 1953 the Council decided to build a central laboratory near Geneva. At that time, pure physics research concentrated on understanding the insides of the atom, hence the word “nuclear.” As ratified by the parliaments of the member states, the convention specifies that the laboratory is officially called the “Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire” or “European Organization for Nuclear Research.” However, the name of the Council stuck to the organization, which is why we are referred to in the literature as simply “CERN.” See: http://cern.web.cern.ch/CERN/CERNName.html.


22 I participated in net_condition with ZKM Bodies. During the installation on site, I had an opportunity to talk to Peter Weibel, who discussed with me his motivations behind the exhibition.


23 See WebStalker at http://www.backspace.org/iod.


24 Heath Bunting emerged from the 1980s committed to building open/ democratic communication systems and social contexts. He came from the street up, passing through and often revisiting performance, intervention, pirate radio, fax/ mail art and BBS systems to become an active participant in the explosion of the internet. See: http://www.irrational.org/cgi-bin/cv.pl?member=heath.


25Mongrel introduce themselves on the net condition site: “Mongrel is a mixed bunch of people and machines working to celebrate the methods of an 'ignorant' and 'filthy' London street culture. We make socially engaged cultural product employing any and all technological advantage that we can lay our hands on. We have dedicated ourselves to learning technological methods of engagement, which means we pride ourselves on our ability to programme, engineer and build our own software and custom hardware. The Core Members are Matsuko Yokokoji, Richard Pierre-Davis and Harwood.” See: http://on1.zkm.de/netCondition.root/netcondition/projects/project40/bio_e.


26 Knowbotic Research (KR+cF), Yvonne Wilhelm, Alexander Tuchacek, Christian Huebler, is based in Cologne, Academy for Media Arts. With the partners of Westbank Industries and Tactile Technology KR+cF has founded Mem_brane, a laboratory for media strategies.


27Ken Goldberg is Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research (IEOR), with secondary appointment in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) at UC Berkeley. See: http://www.ieor.Berkeley.edu/~goldberg/.


28 For more information on Ornitorrinco in Copacabana, see: http://www.ekac.org/ornitorrincoM.html.


29Veered Science was curated by Marilu Knode for the Huntington Beach Art Center, CA. Artists in the exhibition included Colette Gaiter, Michael Joaquin Grey, Tim Hawkinson, Laurel Katz, davidkremers, Joseph Nechvatal, David Nyzio, Alan Rath, Pauline Sanchez, Joseph Santorama, Rodney Sappington, Rachel Slowinski ad Jesse Cantley, Christine Tamblyn and Gail Wight.


30 I first intended to act as lurker/voyeur, and randomly capture snippets of conversations in the chat rooms as they occurred, but then decided that names of the rooms themselves were far more seductive than the rather mundane and predictable conversations occurring within them. I was also shocked to find some nine thousand rooms at one site dedicated to sex chats.


31 Les Fox, who recently finished his studies at UCSB, had experience with concrete building and helped develop a method for bonding the prints to the concrete. The material was sponsored by the David Bermant foundation.


32 Harry Bowers, a photographer, professor and director of Cactus Research and Development in New York sponsored the large electrostatic prints.


33 For instance: Sherry and Bliss; Rods Annex; The Kinky Friends of Latex-Loving Laura; Wife-Watcher’s Special; Trial-Fuck (for Beginners); Rick’s American Bar – As time goes by…; sweet, sweet bedroom of sex; The Dark Side Desert Lounge; Aimee’s – Ladies Only – But guys welcome to lurk!!!; Puddles Playpen; I’m wet and need mommy…etc.


34Kenneth Fields, also known as GustavJava and kf.0e, composed the audio that was triggered by the sensors. Jan Plass programmed the aiff file in Director.



35CU-SeeME, developed at Cornell University allows live video to be received in a small screen format at 24 frames per second on a regular Mac and PC with a standard modem and telephone line.



36 The camera was a constant source of technical problems, many of which had to do with the use of public reflector sites. Normally, people who use reflectors like to log on and continue working while the camera silently watches, or one may stumble onto some mundane conversations colored by the excitement of communicating in this way, but not really saying much. Many sites are simply rooms or signs that for some reason someone feels compelled to project to the outside world. So, it came as a surprise that having a window to an art project was actually considered an interruption and misuse of space. For example, one of our favorite sites was at the University of Hawaii because it was never crowded and we were able to keep an uninterrupted signal for long periods of time. We would log on and “park” Virtual Concrete, much to the dismay of the local systems administrator who was utterly perplexed by the repeated appearance of concrete in space. The administrator took it upon himself to police not only his site, but also every other site that we tried to log on to. As soon as he noticed Virtual Concrete appearing on a public reflector, he would quickly notify the other system administrators in order to warn them about the ubiquitous concrete “living up to its name,” becoming, as he put it, “dead weight.” Our usage of these public reflector sites for more formalized “exhibition” purposes brings up interesting issues yet to be defined, particularly those related to surveillance of “dead” spaces and/or seemingly mundane daily situations.


37The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a standard for external gateway programs to interface with information servers such as HTTP servers. A plain HTML document that the Web daemon retrieves is static, which means it exists in a constant state: a text file that doesn't change. A CGI program, on the other hand, is executed in real-time, so that it can output dynamic information. See: http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html.



38 I interviewed Peter Rothman on December 31, 1996 at MetaTools INC. in

Carpinteria, California. His company, DIVE, was acquired by MetaTools, and he is



currently the Director of Research & Development.


39 MediaMOO, see: http://www.cc/gatech.edu/fac/Amy.Bruckman/MediaMOO. To connect to MediaMOO from a UNIX host telnet: mediamoo.cc.gatech.edu 8888 - From a VMS host, type: telnet mediamoo.cc.gatech.edu /port=8888


40 Avatar III - the Crypt, see: http://wwwavatar.co.uk/.


41 I interviewed Rose on May 29, 1997. In RL (real life), she works in a social security office.


42 For an example of a “code of conduct” in an online game, see: http://games.world.co.uk/code_of_conduct.html.


43 For extensive research on Time Warner’s GMUK, see: “The Psychology of Cyberspace.” http://www1.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber.


44The Palace, see: http://www.thepalace.com/welcome/index.html


45 Sharon Daniel, takes the idea of “Database Aesthetics” and unpacks it wonderfully:


Directory: publications
publications -> Acm word Template for sig site
publications ->  Preparation of Papers for ieee transactions on medical imaging
publications -> Adjih, C., Georgiadis, L., Jacquet, P., & Szpankowski, W. (2006). Multicast tree structure and the power law
publications -> Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (eth) Zurich Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory
publications -> Quantitative skills
publications -> Multi-core cpu and gpu implementation of Discrete Periodic Radon Transform and Its Inverse
publications -> List of Publications Department of Mechanical Engineering ucek, jntu kakinada
publications -> 1. 2 Authority 1 3 Planning Area 1
publications -> Sa michelson, 2011: Impact of Sea-Spray on the Atmospheric Surface Layer. Bound. Layer Meteor., 140 ( 3 ), 361-381, doi: 10. 1007/s10546-011-9617-1, issn: Jun-14, ids: 807TW, sep 2011 Bao, jw, cw fairall, sa michelson

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