Defense of the Mineral Fine Structure of the American Lobster Cuticle



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Fig 7. Divalent Cation (Mg, Ca, [Sr+Mn+Ba]) content of the three distinct lobster intermolt cuticle layers: Calcite, Inner-exocuticle, Endocuticle. The average relative molar composition, as measured by EPMA, was plotted as sample-wise points from 100 point transects of the approximately 400 um thick cuticles. The paths of the six labeled transects are shown in five electron backscatter images. A hundred micron calibration bar is presented with the image of scan 2.







Figure 8. Schematic model of lobster cuticle and basal and apical environment including a dermal gland with graded (2:1 – 7:1 Ca:P) carbonate apatite lined canal secreting a product Xi  Xo. Phosphatic trabeculae are 7:1 Ca:P. During cuticle production Ca2+ and CO3-2 are imported into the cuticle space from the hemolymph side balanced by the expulsion of a proton. At the cuticle outer surface the epicuticle regulates a slow dissolution of the calcite layer that produces a hydroxyl in the unstirred layer when the CO3-2 combines with water. A lesion (asterisk arrow) makes more soluble ACC available for antimicrobial alkalinization.



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