Doc 9718 an/957 Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation
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- Chapter 3 THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
- Figure 3-1. Map of ITU world regions
Chapter 2 OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE 2.1 The ITU is the specialized agency of the United Nations for telecommunication matters where international agreements are made on the use of the radio frequency spectrum. At World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRCs), convened about every three to four years, changes are made to the ITU Radio Regulations, including the Table of Frequency Allocations (Article 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations), on the basis of proposals made by States. This mechanism was introduced in 1992 in order to better adapt the Table of Frequency Allocations to rapid technological developments and spectrum requirements for all users of the radio frequency spectrum. 2.2 A consequence of this process is that a coordinated aeronautical position (the ICAO Position) must be established for every ITU World Radiocommunication Conference and finalized well in advance of the ITU conference itself, in order to be of maximum use to aviation authorities. The ICAO Position is intended to be used by civil aviation authorities in their national discussions with the radio regulatory authorities when developing proposals for submission by their administrations to meetings of regional telecommunication organizations which prepare regional positions for ITU Conferences as well as to the ITU Conferences themselves and to brief the delegations at these meetings. In addition, it is to be used by aviation experts at these conferences and is submitted by ICAO to the ITU conferences in the form of an information paper. The ICAO Position contains the agreed radio frequency allocation requirements for aeronautical radio services, including the necessary protection from harmful interference, that are provided to support safety-critical aeronautical communication, navigation and surveillance systems. The ICAO Position, the ICAO spectrum strategy and the ICAO policy statements in this handbook are developed by the Air Navigation Commission, with the assistance of the Aeronautical Communications Panel (ACP) Working Group F and the Navigation System Panel (NSP), and approved by the ICAO Council. In developing the ICAO Position, all ICAO Member States and relevant international organizations are consulted. 2.3 With this background, the prime objectives of this document are: a) to provide a consolidated and up-to-date statement of agreed spectrum requirements for aeronautical services and the ICAO policy in the frequency bands used by international civil aviation for the communication, navigation and surveillance systems that are to be provided for air traffic purposes, taking into account all future needs; b) to provide a source of reference for relevant ITU regulations, resolutions, recommendations and associated ITU-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) material; c) to provide a convenient record for important frequency management material, such as the criteria applied in the planning of radio frequency assignments, and the protection from interference; and d) to provide background information on the international spectrum management institutional framework and the main ITU elements. ______________________ Chapter 3 THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION 3.1 The ITU was created in 1932 by the fusion of the International Telegraph Union and the International Radio Telegraph Union, both international organizations of long-standing. In August 1947, the United Nations recognized the ITU as a specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, while acknowledging also that other specialized agencies, such as ICAO, would not be barred from any kind of work touching upon aeronautical telecommunications including standardization activities. The recognized competence of the ITU embraces all aspects of telecommunications, whether by line or by radio transmission, for which it has authority to set standards for systems, technical parameters and procedures. A prime and highly important area for aviation concerns the regulation and use of the radio frequency spectrum for which ITU is the recognized international body. The agreements made under its auspices for these matters and incorporated in the Final Acts of World Radiocommunication Conferences (which prior to 1993 were known as World Administrative Radio Conferences) are accorded treaty status and have full mandatory force without any possibility for variation in regard to their scope or their substance except by agreement at a further conference. 3.2 The basic treaty documents of the ITU (the ITU Constitution and the ITU Convention) are amended at Plenipotentiary Conferences which are held at intervals of four to six years. Between these conferences, the Administrative Council, with a membership not exceeding 25 per cent of the total number of members of the Union, performs a policy and management function. The Administrative Council normally meets once per year for a duration of two weeks. The representation from member administrations to ITU conferences and meetings is drawn from national telecommunication authorities representing all the radio services and users in their State. Consequently, policy and decisions at a national level are matters for these authorities. 3.3 The internationally agreed regulation of the radio frequency spectrum is provided through the ITU Radio Regulations, parts of which are reviewed at WRCs. Within the Radio Regulations, the finite useable radio spectrum, from approximately 8.3 kHz to 275 GHz, is allocated to user services (see Figure 3-3) in response to their recognized demands, and among three world regions (see Figure 3-1) in accordance with the major regional spectrum requirements for these services in the relevant region. The allocations are contained in Article 5 of the Radio Regulations; together with other provisions on licensing, interference resolution, safety and distress procedures and other aspects, the Radio Regulations are the treaty requirements to be observed at all times by all radio services.  Approximate coverage of ITU regions by regional telecommunication organizations
3.4 Within ITU Member States, the telecommunication authorities (or telecommunication administrations) normally control and operate the mechanism which develops the national proposals for amending the Radio Regulations for submission to the ITU WRCs. National and international (regional) preparatory committees function as the coordination medium to which the aviation requirements, either ICAO coordinated or nationally derived, are presented by the national aviation authorities for consideration. National policies take into account all of the competing interests of radio frequency spectrum users to determine the States’ proposals to the conference. It is essential that aeronautical participation in these activities be ensured in order to support and defend aviation requirements. 3.5 Aviation services are recognized important users of radio spectrum to create safe and expeditious conditions to support air operations. The aeronautical mobile (route) service (AM(R)S), the aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS) and their satellite service counterparts are important components in the mobile and radiodetermination families of users (see Figure 3-3) with (normally) exclusive allocations made on a worldwide basis to ensure global harmonization. A summary overview of the use of spectrum by aviation is in Figure 3-2. Worldwide allocations enable international standardization of equipment and systems to support safe and global air traffic. The Radio Regulations are used as the framework for the relevant ICAO Annexes and the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) contained therein. 3.6 The Radio Regulations also regulate the prevention and removal of interference, whether between services, countries or regions, between frequency assignments, or from other sources of radiation such as industrial or medical equipment. Particular attention is accorded to services which have a predominant critical safety-of-life function, such as aeronautical services. This is reflected in special measures for rapid elimination of interference by national telecommunication authorities or, in case interference is affecting two or more States, through bilateral negotiations with authorities in these States. Other special measures such as the use of radio in distress and emergency situations or for search and rescue operations, in collaboration with maritime and land services as necessary, are also given prominent treatment. 3.7 In the radio field, the technical work of the ITU is performed on an ongoing basis by the Radiocommunication Assembly, which is supported by the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) and the ITU Radiocommunication Study Groups (ITU-R SG). The ITU-R Study Groups support this technical work through the development of relevant ITU-R Recommendations or ITU-R Reports. Most aviation related issues are addressed in ITU-R Study Group 5 which deals with all mobile and mobile-satellite matters and with radionavigation. This work is important to aviation, particularly in relation to the development of ITU-R Recommendations addressing compatibility between aeronautical and non-aeronautical services with the view to preventing harmful interference to aeronautical use of radio frequency spectrum. In addition, the detailed technical preparations for the WRCs which are undertaken under the auspices of the Radiocommunication Bureau by the Conference Preparatory Meeting (CPM) is delegated to these Study Groups. The CPM functions as a permanent body using material developed by the ITU-R Study Groups or presented by administrations in developing the CPM Report to the WRC. The CPM Report provides information on the technical, operational and regulatory/procedural issues relevant to the WRC agenda items. 3.8 In response to its specialized responsibility and competence in civil aviation, ICAO has been accorded observer status (“Observer in an advisory capacity”, see Section 7-III.2) at all conferences and meetings held under ITU auspices, including ITU-R meetings. This enables ICAO to submit its internationally agreed statements on telecommunication policies and frequency use and ensures that the ICAO Position and policy is propagated at these conferences and meetings and, to the maximum extent possible, to ensure that aeronautical allocations and frequency use, including future requirements, are safeguarded. 3.9 In order to coordinate frequency use and spectrum requirements within specific regions of the world, a number of regional bodies have been set up in a cooperative arrangement between telecommunication administrations. These are: the European Conference for Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) for Europe, the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT) for the Asia-Pacific region, the Comisión Interamericana de Telecomunicaciones (CITEL) for the Americas region, the African Telecommunications Union (ATU) for Africa, the Regional Commonwealth in the field of Communications (RCC) for Eastern Europe and Asia, and the Arab Spectrum Management Group (ASMG) for the countries in the Middle East and North Africa. These regional bodies have the capability, where agreed and necessary, to present joint proposals to ITU conferences, which would include, where appropriate, proposals addressing aeronautical allocations. A trend is appearing also where these bodies exercise joint influence on policies to promote their regional interest, often with a strong commercial motivation. 3.10 The ITU forum is of great importance to civil aviation interests and is increasing in importance with the emergence of new philosophies on spectrum sharing between different services and on jointly operated services, such as mobile-satellite services. In order to secure adequate spectrum for aviation, it is essential that the aviation position be rational, well considered and well presented in discussions that are becoming increasingly diverse, complex and commercial in their character and scope. The ITU, for its part, is expected to give due consideration to the globally coordinated civil aviation requirements and positions submitted by ICAO and to act accordingly in order to ensure the continued safety of the air transport operations worldwide. 
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