Editing mode
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| EDITING MODE
The following are descriptions of commands that can be executed while in EXPRESS's edit mode. They are all executed by typing a one or two character sequence, usually control characters, or special keys if you have customized the commands; eg, for the Amstrad PCW 8256/8512 as here.
underlined. All the CONTROL key (ALT on the PCW) inputs described below are retained as well; however, the original ^? is replaced by ^_ and ^^ by ^U^B to simplify entry of the codes into the key configuration file EXPRKEYS.DAT (used with SETKEYS.COM). The Amstrad keys have where possible been chosen for correspondence with Locoscript, but some scrolling keys are borrowed from Wordwise Plus on the BBC Microcomputer.
'^'; thus, ^N means 'CONTROL+N'. You should remember that CONTROL, ALT & EXTRA keys are similar to the SHIFT key; you must hold them down WHILE YOU TYPE THE OTHER KEY. This should not be confused with the ESCAPE, EXIT, key, which is typed separately from the other character(s) in the sequence.
are the 'alternate function' keys: ^U & ^P cannot therefore be used on their own. Double-keying is necessary because there are more editing commands than there are control characters. CURSOR CONTROL Cursor Left ^H (Backspace)
already in the first column of the line, it will be placed in the last column of the of the preceding line. Cursor Right ^L Moves the cursor one position to the right non-destructively. If the cursor is already in the last column of the line, as defined by the screen width or, if in wrap mode, the current right margin, the cursor will go to the beginning of the next line. Next Tab ^I (Tab) TAB
the last tab stop on the line, the line is extended into the next line on the screen and the cursor is moved to the beginning of this 'continuation line'.
line, a tab will be inserted at the cursor position, otherwise the command just positions the cursor. If you wish, you can cause the spaces instead of a tab character. This is useful when the file will later be used by a program that does not understand tab characters (Turbo Pascal, for instance). To 'turn off the tabs', return to command mode with enter the command: tabs off After this time, no more tab characters will be entered into the file (although all existing tab characters will remain). Previous Tab ^U^I (^U Tab) ALT + TAB
the line. This command is always non-destructive. If the cursor is at the beginning of the line, the command is ignored. Next Word ^W SHIFT + WORD/CHAR Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next word following the current cursor location. The beginning of a word is signalled by either the start of a new line or an non-alphanumeric character ('a'-'z','A'-'Z','0'-'9') preceding an alphanumeric character. If there are no more words on the current line, the cursor is moved to the beginning of the next line. Previous Word ^A ALT + SHIFT + WORD/CHAR Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current word or, if it is already on the beginning of the current word, to the beginning of the first word preceding it. If there are no more words on the line the cursor is moved to the beginning of the line; if the cursor is already at the beginning of the line, it is moved to the beginning of the last word on the line above. Indent ^U^W F5/F6 Moves the cursor to the next tab stop and sets that column as the new left margin. Please notice that the new margin is the next tab stop after the CURRENT LOCATION OF THE CURSOR, not the current left margin. This command is functionally identical to using the INDENT command from the command mode. If the cursor is already in the last column of the line, the command is ignored. Un-indent ^U^A ALT + F5/F6 Moves the cursor to the first tab previous to the current cursor location and sets that column as the new left margin. See the note for Indent above. If the cursor is already in the first column then this command is ignored.
End of Line ^U^L LINE/EOL or ALT + Moves the cursor to the end of the current line. Carriage Return ^M Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line. If you are currently in entry mode or if you are at the end of the edit buffer, a new line is inserted. This command merely positions the cursor; it does not actually place a ^M in the file, so you can simply type a carriage return from the middle of a line to move to the next line, you don't have to worry about going to the end or beginning of the line first as with some other editors. If you wish to break a line in two you may use the 'break line' command, ^B, EXTRA + RE-LAY described later. If you really must have the carriage return break a line in two then you may set the 'break line on CR' flag in ECONFIG and the carriage return key will actually insert a carriage return/linefeed into the file (when entry mode is on). Cursor Up ^K ^ Moves the cursor up one line. If this operation would cause the cursor to go off the top of the screen, then it is scrolled one line towards the beginning of the edit buffer. If the cursor is already on the first line of the edit buffer then this command is ignored. Cursor Down ^J (Linefeed)
bottom of the screen, the screen is scrolled one line towards the end of the edit buffer. If the cursor is already on the last line of the edit buffer then the command is ignored. Start of Screen ^U^K ALT + ^
End of Screen ^U^J ALT + Moves the cursor to the bottom line of the screen. Start of Buffer ^U^R ALT + SHIFT + DOC/PAGE Moves the cursor to the first page of the edit buffer. End of Buffer ^U^T SHIFT + DOC/PAGE Moves the cursor to the last page of the edit buffer. Start of Line/Screen/Buffer ^U^B (originally ^^) SHIFT + Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line when typed once. Typed twice, it moves to the beginning of the first line on the screen. Three times moves to the beginning of the first line of the edit buffer. If the cursor is already in the desired position, the command is ignored. End of Line/Screen/Buffer ^N SHIFT +
when typed once. When typed twice, it moves to the end of the last line on the screen. If it is typed three times, it moves the cursor to the end of the last line in the edit buffer. If the cursor is already in the desired location, no action is taken.
SCROLLING COMMANDS Scroll Backward One Line ^F EXTRA +
remains in the same position on the screen. If the first line of the edit buffer is already on the screen, the command is ignored. Scroll Forward One Line ^G EXTRA + ^ Scrolls the screen one line towards the end of the edit buffer. The cursor maintains the same absolute position on the screen. If less than half of the lines on the screen are actual lines of the file (as signified by the [EOB] message following the last line) then the command is ignored. Scroll Backward Continuously ^U^F SHIFT +
While scrolling is in progress, several keys take on a special function: 1. Typing any digit, 0 to 9, will change the auto-scroll speed to that speed. '1' gives the slowest scroll speed and '0' gives the fastest. These are arranged in ascending order across the top of the computer keyboard.
scrolling backward, you will begin scrolling forward, if you were scrolling forward, you will begin scrolling backward. This key was chosen because it is usually situated immediately to the right of the '0' key on the computer keyboard and it also has the meaning of negate' which is what you are doing - negating the command. 3. Any other key will stop the scrolling action and return you to normal edit mode.
Scroll Forward Continuously ^U^G SHIFT + ^ Scrolls the screen towards the end of the buffer, one line at a time. The scrolling can be set from Command mode; or reversed, speed changed or stopped as for the Scroll Backward Continuously command above.
Center Cursor Line ^] "Grid" (ie,"2") Scrolls the line that the cursor is currently on to the middle of the screen. This is useful for seeing the context in the file of a word that has just been found using the SEARCH command.
scrolling is done as possible, then the terminal beeps. Next Page ^T DOC/PAGE
however many lines your terminal can display) on the screen. If you wish to page rapidly through a file to find a certain section, you may press the 'next page' key several times; you do not have to wait for the screen to finish painting. As soon as you type any key, painting of the screen is temporarily suspended and the new command is executed. If there are no more lines in the edit buffer past the ones already displayed, this command takes no action. Previous Page ^R ALT + DOC/PAGE Clears the current page from the screen and displays the previous 24 lines (or however many your terminal can display) on the screen. The same comments about the painting of the screen given in the Next Page command hold for this command (and all other commands, for that matter), too. If there are less than 24 lines preceding the current screen being displayed, then the first 24 lines of the file are displayed. INSERTION & DELETION COMMANDS Rubout The cursor is moved left one position and the character in this position is replaced with a space (' '). If you are at the beginning of the line It remains there and replaces that character with a space.
one space and the character is deleted, but then the rest of the line is adjusted one position to the left to close up the space left by the deletion. If you are at the beginning of the line in insert mode, rubout will append the current line on the line above, effectively deleting the carrige return/linefeed at the end of that line. (note that this can be changed with ECONFIG so that RUB cannot delete return/linefeed) Delete Character @ Cursor ^D DEL This removes the character that the cursor is currently on and adjusts the remainder of the line one position to the left. The cursor remains in the same position on the screen.
Delete Character command. This is helpful when restructuring a computer program in Pascal, C, or some other structured language, because it allows you to 'undent' a whole section of code quickly by simply typing ^D^M, DEL, RETURN several times (once for each line). Insert Single Space ^E SHIFT + SPACE bar This opens up space for one character at the current cursor position.It is useful for minor alterations, such as misspelled words, when it is inconvenient to toggle insert mode, type the character, and then toggle insert mode again. It is also helpful when you wish to move a line to the right on the screen by inserting spaces at the beginning of the line, but do not want the cursor to move from its present position. Partial Insert Mode ^Q SHIFT + F1/F2
Insert Mode'). Each character you type after this command will be 'inserted' into the line instead of typing over what is already there. Typing any control command except 'Rubout', DEL; 'Tab', ^I TAB; 'Insert Control Character', ^C, STOP; or of course this command itself, will return you to the 'replacing mode' of text entry. The command is useful for many of the same reasons as 'Insert Single Space' and 'Full Insert Mode', and which of these commands you usually use is a matter of personal taste; they were all included so that you can pick the way you want to do it. The commands you don't use can be filed away in the back of your mind so that if you ever need them you will remember they exist, but probably you will never need, or want, to remember and use all of the commands available. If you are currently in full insert mode, this command will place you in partial insert mode. Toggle Full Insert Mode ^U^Q F1/F2
it is off, it is turned on. This new setting remains in effect until the command is issued again or until the editing session is terminated.
initially. When insert mode is on, everything that is typed is 'inserted' at the cursor location, that is, it does not type over the character that the cursor is on. It is functionally equivalent to typing an 'Insert Space' command, ^E, SHIFT + SPACE bar, before typing each character. When insert mode is off, any character that is typed simply replaces the character that the cursor was on before the new character was typed. Another command similar to this is 'Partial Insert Mode', ^Q, SHIFT + F1/F2, described above. This command 'temporarily' enters insert mode until another editing command is given. Delete Word ^V EXTRA + DEL Deletes from the current cursor position to the beginning of the next word and adjusts the line to close up the space. This command has three distinct uses which vary slightly. The first is, of course, to delete an entire word; this is done by placing the cursor on the first character of the word (usually with the 'next' or 'previous word' command) and executing the command. The second use is to delete the end of a word. This is done by placing the cursor on the first character that you wish to be deleted and entering the command.
space to be deleted and executing the command; all spaces up to the beginning of the next word will be deleted. UNdelete Word ^U^V EXTRA + DEL Any time a deletion of more than a single character is performed, the deleted text is placed temporarily in a buffer in case the deletion was not wanted, or possibly if you want to put the deleted text somewhere else in the file. When you perform the UNdelete Word command, enough space is provided at the current cursor location for the previously deleted text and it is inserted there. Note that it is possible (and often desirable) to delete a line with ^Z, SHIFT + DEL and then UNdelete it as a word or partial line with ^U^V or ^U^Y. The opposite operation is also possible. The delete buffer is left intact following this operation, so you may UNdelete the same string as many times and in as many places as you wish. If no text has previously been deleted during this edit session, the command takes no action. Delete to End of Line ^Y SHIFT + DEL
current cursor location. If the line below is a continuation of the current line, the contents of the continuation line are also deleted, and the continuation line is removed from the screen. The deleted text is saved temporarily in the delete buffer for possible later 'UNdeletion'. UNdelete End of Line ^U^Y ALT + SHIFT + DEL This command is functionally identical to UNdelete word. It is provided as a separate sequence merely for consistency and convenience. Delete Line ^Z SHIFT + DEL
deletion of lines. However, every time it is typed after the first time, it deletes one line from the screen. The deleted text is stored temporarily (until the next word or line deletion) in the delete buffer for possible 'UNdeletion' at a later time and place.
twice to begin deleting lines again. If this command deletes the last line of the edit buffer, it automatically moves the cursor up one line to the new last line. If the deletion causes the screen to be less than half full of actual lines of the file (as shown by the presence of the [EOB] message) then the screen is scrolled down one line (towards the beginning of the edit buffer.
deleted; if there were no lines in the edit buffer, there would be no place for the cursor to be positioned. UNdelete Line ^U^Z ALT + SHIFT + DEL This command is similar to the UNdelete Word command except that a new line is inserted above the line the cursor is currently on for the deleted text to be UNdeleted into. Again, I will point out that it is possible to delete a word or partial line and UNdelete it as a line. If there have been no previous deletions during this editing session, a blank line will be inserted above the line the cursor is currently on. Insert Line ^X ALT + SHIFT + LINE/EOL
cursor at the beginning of this new line, as specified by the value of INDENT. Toggle Entry Mode ^\ F3/F4
it is off, it is turned on. The new setting remains in effect until the command is issued again, the editing session is ended, or wrap mode is turned on (at which time it is turned off). When entry mode is on, a carriage return command, ^M, RETURN or ENTER, causes a new line to be inserted below the current one after which the cursor is placed at the beginning of the new line.
program or other text. It relieves you from the burden of having to type so many Insert Line commands, ^X, ALT + SHIFT + LINE/EOL. This is not needed when typing at the end of a file, as new lines are inserted automatically then. ECONFIG's initially on or off. The Amstrad PCW implementation sets it OFF FORMATTING COMMANDS Break Line ^B EXTRA + RE-LAY This breaks the line the cursor is on into two lines, the first from the start of the line to the character preceding the cursor and the second from the cursor position to the end of the line. The cursor is left at the end of the first line.
with the lines following it. This allows you to use this command to break paragraphs without having to do any manual reformatting. Concatenate Lines ^O SHIFT + RE_LAY
line. This is the opposite operation of Break Line. When in wrap mode, this command simply attempts to reformat the remainder of the current paragraph to the currently set right margin. If their are no lines below the current line or the line below is already a continuation of the current line, the command is ignored. Reformat Lines ^U^O RE-LAY
insertions, etc. BLOCK COMMANDS Block commands allow you to move large 'chunks' of text around the file. These commands are accesible from Command mode as well as edit mode in case you are more accustomed to using them that way. They are explained more fully in the COMMAND MODE section of the manual under Block Commands. The EXPRESS.OVL file must be present in some user area of the current drive or drive A to use the Block Commands. Insert Block Marker ^P^P F7/F8 This inserts, at the beginning of the line the cursor is currently on, a marker for use by the BMOVE, BCOPY, BDELETE, and BSAVE commands. You can enter as many of these as you like, although having anything other than two when you try to execute a block operation will get you an error message. These markers can be SEARCHed for and REPLACEd just like any other character. If you do not like the character currently used for displaying a block marker, you may change it to any other displayable character with the configurator program.
you can simply position the cursor over the block marker and do a ^D, DEL (or any other editing command that deletes). The advantage of the ^P^U, ALT + F7/F8 sequence is that it works if you are anywhere on the same line as the block marker; you don't have to place the cursor directly over it. To remove all block markers at once, use the BKILL command in command mode. Block markers are automatically cleared from the file before it is written to disk.
Block Copy ^P^C COPY This places a copy of the currently marked block 'in front of' the line the cursor is currently on. The original block remains untouched and the block markers are not cleared. Block Move ^P^M PASTE This moves the currently marked block to 'in front of' the line the cursor is currently on. The block markers are removed after the operation. Block Delete ^P^D CUT
because it does not ask for confirmation (as BDELETE in command mode does) and its deletions are final!!! Block delete in edit mode is faster and more convenient, but dangerous in the hands of a careless person. Kill Block Markers ^P^K ALT + SHIFT + F7/F8
SPECIAL COMMANDS Some of these commands are related, but mostly, their reason for being placed here is that they don't fit anywhere else. Continue Search/Replace ^S [-]
replace mode, the keys described in the section on selective replace will be in effect after you find the next occurence. If there are no more occurences of the search string following the cursor in the edit buffer, EXPRESS will beep and leave the cursor where it is. Insert Control Character ^C STOP When this command is typed, no attempt will be made to translate the next character into a command. This allows the entry of control characters (and keys that have been redefined as macro keys) directly into the file.
and font changes, into a file, or possibly to do things such as clearing the screen of a terminal before printing a file.
corresponding to the control character. It is also possible to enter RUBouts (DEL) into the file in the same manner; they are displayed as '^_' in the Amstrad PCW implementation. Once in the file, the control characters can all be SEARCHed for, REPLACEd, and whatever else you might wish to do with them. They are distinguishable from the regular characters, such as the following: '^C', by the fact that you cannot position the cursor directly on the 'C' if it is a control character, but you can if it is just a '^' followed by a 'C'. The only exceptions to the above statements are that the characters ^Z and ^@ cannot be entered into the file. Entry of ^Z was disallowed on purpose, because ^Z is the CP/M End of File character; having it occur in the middle of a file would create results ranging from mildly annoying to catastrophic. The inability to enter ^@ originally stemmed from CP/M's Direct Console I/O function's inability to directly input a character with a value of 0. This fact was taken advantage of and now ^@ is a special character used internal to EXPRESS (along with the characters represented by 0FFh and 0FEh; all other characters from 01h to FDh may be entered, whether your terminal can display them or not). However, I have never heard of ANY computer system, terminal, or printer that used ^@ for anything except a delay character, so this should never be any hindrance. The entry of characters greater than Control Character command. If you can't display characters with bit 7 set, they will be displayed as '\c' if a printable character with bit 7 set, or '/c' if a control character with bit 7 set (where 'c' is the character) if you can display these characters on your terminal then you can enter them as regular characters by following the instructions in the configuration section under 'Displaying Graphics Characters'. Enter/Leave Command Mode ^[ mode, the cursor is placed after a prompt '>' and you may input any of the commands described in the 'Command Mode' section of the manual. All of the single-line edit commands may be used for editing your entry on the command line; you can even delete a word while in edit mode and UNdelete it onto the command line, for instance. If you are currently in command mode, you can enter edit mode by typing this same command; you may think of it as a toggle, to swap between the two modes of operation.
yourself in (similar to ^C in CP/M). For instance, the TYPE command and the BPRINT command use this key to cancel their operation immediately and return, of course, to Command Mode. For more information on command mode and what to do once you get there, see the 'Command Mode' section of the manual. Directory: ftp -> pub ftp -> Federal Communications Commission fcc 12-81 Before the Federal Communications Commission ftp -> Tr-41. 4-03-05-024 Telecommunications ftp -> Message Race Detection for Web Services by an smt-based Analysis ftp -> A proposal submitted to the ftp -> National reports on data buoy activities ftp -> Louisiana barrier island comprehensive monitoring program (bicm) Volume 1: Barrier Shoreline Post-Storm Assessment ftp -> Jcomm expert team on pub -> Doc# oma-imps-2003-0170-Efficient-Synchronization-of-Presence attributes-values Submitted to imps 29 Aug 2003 Download 101.59 Kb. Share with your friends:
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