Electric vehicle

Figure A.1
A plot showing the efficiency of a motor at different torque/speed operating points.
It shows the circular contours characteristic of the brushless DC motor kw % For windage losses
ConL=400; % For constant motor losses
Also, the values of efficiency were changed, and the last lines that plot constant power contours were removed.

Index
Acid electrolyte fuel cell, Aerodynamics, 189, 217, 221, Air conditioning, Alkaline fuel cells, Ammonia, 140
Amphour capacity effect of higher currents on, modeling, term explained, Apollo spacecraft, Armature, 146
Autothermal reforming, 121, Balance of plant, Batteries charge equalisation, different types compared, equivalent circuit, 30, Modeling, Battery chargers, Battery charging, 40, Battery electric vehicles applications, different types, effect of mass on range, examples, 193, 197, 271, performance modeling, 193, range modeling, 204, 222, simulation, Battery life, Battery swapping, 84
Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, Second Edition. James Larminie and John Lowry.
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bicycles, Bipolar plates, Blowers, Body design, 229, 231
Brushless DC motor, 169, Buses, 24, 25, 89, C notation, California air resources board, 60, Capacitors, Carbon dioxide emission, 14, Carbon monoxide, 254
methanation, removal, Carbon nanofibres, Carnot limit, 95, Catalysts, 93, 120, Charge equalisation, 56, Charging, Charging efficiency, 34, Chassis design, 229, Chevrolet Volt, Chopper circuits See DC/DC converters,
161
Coefficient of rolling resistance, 188, Comfort, 239, Commutator, Compressors, Controls, Cooling, Copper losses, 153

312
Index
DC/DC converters, 113, 159
efficiency of, 162, 164
step-down, Dependence supply of oil left, Digital signal processors, Direct methanol fuel cells, Drag coefficient, 189, Driving cycles, 198 10–15 Mode, 202
ECE-15, 201
ECE-47, 202, 209
EUDC, 201
FHDS, FUDS, 199, 200
SAE J, 202
SFUDS, 199, 209, Driving schedules See Driving cycles,
198
Dynamic braking, 156, 286
Efficiency
DC/DC converters, 161, limit for fuel cells, motors, 179, motors, of fuel cells defined, 97
Efficiency definition, Electric scooters, 203, Electronic switches, 159, Electric supply, 79
Endery density term explained, Energy density
Batteries and fuel compared, 4
Enthalpy, 96, Equivalent circuit batteries, 30, Ethanol, 135, 253
Exergy, Faraday, unit of charge, Flywheels, 25, 56, Four quadrant controller, 19, Fuel cell powered vehicles examples, Fuel cell vehicles buses, cars, examples, 24, main problems, range modeling, Fuel cells basic chemistry, cooling, 110, 113, 285
diferent types (table, 90
efficiency, 97
efficiency defined, 98
efficiency/voltage relation, electrodes, leaks, 106
Nernst equation, osmotic drag, pressure, reversible voltage, temperature, 93, thermodynamics, 97
voltage/current relation, water management, 106, Gasoline use with fuel cells, Gibbs free energy changes with temperature, explained, Global warming, GM EV1, 197, 209, 214, 219, 241, GM Hy-wire, 111, 229, Greenhouse effect, Greenhouse gases, Harmonics, Heat pumps, Heating, 239, High pressure hydrogen storage, 125, High speed train, 8, 271, 286, Hill climbing, 189, Hindenburg, History, Honda FCX Clarity, 12–13, 249, Honda Insight, 64, 183, 221, Hybrid electric vehicles, battery charge equalisation, battery selection, electrical machines, examples, 22, 281

Index
313
parallel, 22, 184, series, supply rails, term explained, with capacitors, 25, hybrid vehicles, 6–7, 11, 15, Hydrogen as energy vector, from gasoline, from reformed methanol, 120, made by steam reforming, safety, 124, 126, 128, storage as a compressed gas, storage as a cryogenic liquid, storage as compressed gas, storage in alkali metal hydrides, storage in chemicals, storage in metal hydrides, storage methods compared, Hydrogen storage as a compressed gas, 127
IGBTs, Induction motor, Inductive Power Transfer, Infrastructure for charging, Internal resistance, 30, 36, 44
Inverters
3-phase, Iron losses, 153
Kamm effect, Lead acid batteries basic chemistry, 36, internal resistance, limited life, main features, modeling, sealed types, Linear Motors, 27, Liquid hydrogen, Lithium batteries basic chemistry, Low speed vehicles, 274
Maglev train, 8, 9, 291, Metal air batteries aluminium/air, 52
zinc/air, Metal hydride storage of hydrogen,
129
Methanation of carbon monoxide, Methane, Methanol as hydrogen carrier, 120, 135, Methanol fuel cell, 91
Mitshubishi MiEV, 274, Mobility aids, Molten carbonate fuel cell, 92
MOSFETs, Motor integral with wheel, 224
Motors
BLDC, brushed DC, 145
brushless DC, copper losses, 153
efficiency, 153, 179, fuel cells, used with, induction, iron losses, mass of, 181
power/size relation, 156
self-synchronous, 169
specific power, switched reluctance, 173
torque/speed characteristics, Motors, 169
Nafion, Nickel cadmium batteries basic chemistry, charging, internal resistance, main features, modeling, Nickel metal hydride batteries applications, basic chemistry, main features, Nissan Leaf, 9, 274, Oil 1, 7, 11, 15

314
Index
Orbiter spacecraft, Osmotic drag, Partial oxidation reformers, 120, 122
PEM fuel cells electrode reactions, electrolyte of, introduced, reformed fuels, use with, 120
PEM fuel cellsSee also fuel cells, 109
Perfluorosulphonic acid, Performance modeling, Peugeot, 193, 203, 274
Peukert coefficient, 68, 75, Phosphoric acid fuel cells, Pollution, 1, 7, 13, Power generation using fossil fuels, solar, wind, hydro, tidal, marine current, biomass, waste, geothermal, nuclear, Power steering, Proton exchange membrane, 90,
107
PTFE, Rear view mirrors, Regenerative braking, 21, 156, 209,
228, Regulators, 159, linear, Rolling resistance, 188, Selective oxidation reactor, Self discharge of batteries, Shift reactors t See Water gas shift reaction, Shuttle spacecraftSee Orbiter spacecraft, Sodium borohydride as hydrogen carrier, cost, Sodium metal chloride batteries See
Zebra batteries, Sodium sulphur batteries basic chemistry, main features, Solar energy, Solid oxide fuel cells, 92
Specific energy relation to specific power, term explained, Stability, Stack, Steam reforming, 118, 122
Sulphonation, 107
Super-capacitors See Capacitors, Supply rails, Switched reluctance motors, Trams, 7, Tesla roadster, Tesla S, 291
Thyristors, Total energy use, Toyota Prius, 22, 46, 64, 281
Tractive effort, Transmission motor in wheel, single motor and differential, Types of fuel cell (table, Tyre choice, 245
Ultra-capacitors See Capacitors, 25
Vauxhall Ampera, Water gas shift reaction, 119, 121
Watthour term explained, Wind energy, 262
Windage losses, Zebra batteries basic chemistry, main features, operating temperature, Zinc air batteries, 24