Engineering & the Built Environment (ebe) Research Report 2006
Department of Chemical Engineering
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Department of Chemical EngineeringResearch Report 2006(Including Bioprocess Engineering Research Unit, Centre for Catalysis Research, c*change – DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis, Centre for Minerals Research, the Centre for Research in Engineering Education and the Crystallisation and Precipitation Research Unit) Head of Department: Professor E. van Steen Departmental Profile The Department of Chemical Engineering has a proud national and international reputation both for the quality of its graduates at the BSc and postgraduate levels and for its research programs, thriving on the dynamic created by a synergy between research, industry and education. The undergraduate program enjoys accreditation with the Engineering Council of South Africa. The postgraduate program forms the largest academic research activity in Chemical Engineering on the continent, and is focused on mineral processing, catalysis, bioprocess engineering, environmental and process systems analysis as well as precipitation and crystallization. Based on close contacts with the chemical, petrochemical, biotechnological and mining industries, the research programs in the Department, although fundamental in nature, have a strong industrial flavour. The Department of Chemical Engineering is the host of the national DST-NRF centre of excellence in Catalysis, c*change. At the end of 2003 the department took occupation of a new building on the upper campus. This building, funded largely by industrial donors, provides cutting-edge facilities for both research and education. Integrated mini-plants show students the linkage between the various unit operations in a (bio-) chemical and minerals processing plant. Departmental Statistics Permanent and Long-term Contract Staff
Honorary Staff
Students
Research Fields and Staff Professor Stephanie Burton Director of Postgraduate Studies, Bioprocess Engineering Research Unit – biocatalysis using oxidative enzymes and membrane bioreactors, biotransformation of phenolics, amino acid synthesis, accessing enzymes from South Africa’s microbial biodiversity Associate Professor Dee Bradshaw Centre for Minerals Research - reagent development, collectors for sulphide mineral flotation, froth visualisation Dr Jenni Case Education Development Officer; Centre for Engineering Education - student learning, women in engineering. Approaches to learning, metacognition, experience of learning, race and gender in engineering Dr Aninda Chakraborty Environmental and Process Systems Engineering - Process system analysis, process optimization, waste minimization Associate Professor Michael Claeys Centre for Catalysis Research - Fischer Tropsch synthesis, nano-materials Associate Professor Dave Deglon Centre for Minerals Research - modelling of mechanical mineral flotation cells, computational fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics, gas dispersion, solids suspension Professor Jack Fletcher Director of the Centre for Catalysis Research - Director DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*change) - catalysis by noble metals, zeolite catalysed conversion of phenol and derivatives, wax hydrocracking, shape selectivity in zeolites and molecular sieves Professor Duncan Fraser Environmental and Process Systems Engineering - heat and mass exchange networks. Centre for Research in Engineering Education - Student learning, use of computer simulations, factors affecting student success Professor Sue Harrison Director of the Bioprocess Engineering Research Unit - interaction of micro-organisms with the biochemical, thermal and hydrodynamic environment, bioprocess kinetics, bioproduct formation, alkane biotechnology, microbial cell damage and disruption, high temperature (~75°C) bioleaching, biological sulphate reduction and sulphide oxidation processes, solid-liquid separation in biological processes Professor Alison Lewis Director of the Crystallisation & Precipitation Research Unit – Industrial Precipitation and Crystallisation, aqueous chemistry modeling of speciation, thermodynamic equilibria, computation of Pourbaix diagrams, hydrodynamic and population balance modelling of precipitation systems Associate Professor Klaus Möller Director of Undergraduate Studies. Process modelling and optimisation group – multiphase reactor modelling, separator modelling, integrated reaction – separation systems modelling, parameter estimation, modular process and flowsheet feasibility and optimisation. Centre for Catalysis Research – wax hydrocracking modelling, FT process modelling Dr Paul Musonge Environmental and Process Systems Engineering - computational fluid dynamics, filtration, engineering education Professor Cyril O'Connor Dean of Engineering and the Built Environment Faculty. Director of the Centre for Minerals Research, flotation, reagent evaluation, cell design. Centre for Catalysis Research - heterogeneous catalyst and catalytic processes, zeolites, supported metal catalysts, metal oxide catalysts Dr Randhir Rawatlal Bioprocess Engineering Research Unit - Reactor Engineering with focus on modelling and simulation. Mass transfer modelling in the activation of alkanes, modelling metabolic pathways and applications of segregation and compartment models in flow reactors for minerals bio-leaching Professor Eric van Steen Head of Department, Centre for Catalysis Research - Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, catalysis by gold, nano-materials, molecular modeling of heterogeneous catalytic systems, reaction kinetics Dr Harro von Blottnitz Environmental and Process Systems Engineering - environmental systems analysis using Life Cycle Assessment, waste management Honorary Professors, Adjunct Professors, Associate Professors, Senior Lecturers Professor Mark Dry Centre for Catalysis Research - Fischer Tropsch (FT) catalytic processes, production of synthesis gas Professor Geoff Hansford Bioprocess Engineering Research Unit – bioleaching, bioprocess treatment of acid mine drainage Adjunct Professor Peter Gaylard Centre for Minerals Research - metallurgical research, development of undergraduate courses in mineral processing and related fields Adjunct Professor Peter Harris Centre for Minerals Research - froth flotation Professor Jim Petrie University of Sydney; environmental performance; technology development; life cycle assessment and management systems; waste management; site remediation and recovery from waste Professor Jean-Paul Franzidis Centre for Minerals Research - mineral and coal flotation, development of postgraduate development courses in mineral processing Mr Martin Harris Centre for Minerals Research – flotation, modelling, simulation Dr Malcolm Powell Centre for Minerals Research - comminution; modeling; simulation Mr Walter Böhringer Centre for Catalysis Research - Acid catalysis Postdoctoral Fellows Dr Bala Balasundaram Influence of the extent of cell disruption on the adsorption of proteins by expanded bed chromatography Dr Gillian Balfour Hydrogenation over carbon supported materials Dr Roald Brosius Selective synthetic distillate fuels synthesis, combining Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and wax hydrocracking over Co based catalysts at low temperature Dr Biju Devassey Zeolite Catalyzed Phenolics Transformations Dr Clive Garcin Development of novel process for olive waste extraction Dr Agnieszka Glowacka Reversal of Amidase Reaction – A novel approach of synthesis of biologically active, enantio-pure amides Dr Robert Karreman Study of microbial response to process stress Dr Marlize le Roes Development of new oxidase biocatalysts Dr Itai Mabaso Fischer-Tropsch synthesis – Valuable chemicals Dr George Obiero Bioconversion of linear alkanes to value added products using monooxygenases Dr John Zvimba Biotransformations of phenols Dr Yifei Zhang Modelling of kinetics of gypsum precipitation Distinguished Visitors Dr D Alexander Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre, University of Queensland, Australia; Mineral Processing Dr T Atkinson TMO (Pty) Ltd UK; Novel enzyme discovery development M Bedford, J Casci, B Murrer, L Rowsell Johnson Matthey (UK); Catalysis K Bolton University College of Boras, Sweden; Engineering Education B Brucher University of Karlsruhe (Germany); Hydantoinase biotransformations Dr RP Das, A Dalmia Rubamin (India); Extractive hydrometallurgy Dr J Dennis Cambridge University, London, UK; Sustainable processes in chemical engineering Dr D Drinkwater Julius Kruttschnitt Minerals Research Centre, Brisbane; Mineral Processing R Duerr University of Karlsruhe (Germany); Hydantoinase biotransformations N Greef Merisol (UK); Catalysis R Havenstein Anglo Platinum, Catalysis Dr P Holtham Julius Kruttschnitt Minerals Research Centre, Brisbane; Minerals Processing Prof D Huisingh University of Tennessee, Knoxville (USA); Sustainable development Dr B Johnson University of Queensland, Brisbane; Mineral processing G Jonas-Ahrend Dept of Physics Education, Dortmund University, Germany; Engineering Education Prof H Kim University of Seoul, Korea & University of Maryland (USA) Water Engineering & Control of Activated Sludge processes
BHP Billiton (USA); Heap bioleaching Prof C Linder University of Uppsala (Sweden); Engineering Education P Lipnická, L Pawliková, S Sipko, L Szigeti Slovakia; Catalysis M Mazorati Instituto di chemica del riconoscimento molecolare, CNR, Milan (Italy); Laccase biotransformations Dr R Morrison Deputy Director of the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre, University of Queensland, Australia; Mineral Processing Dr T Napier-Munn Julius Kruttschnitt Minerals Research Centre, Brisbane; Mineral Processing Prof H Niemantsverdriet University of Eindhoven (Netherlands); Catalysis Prof V Papangelakis University of Toronto (Canada); Hydrometallurgy Prof J Roy Jadavpur University (India); Environmental Econimics – Climate Change, Energy & Water Policy studies Dr S Schwarz Julius Kruttschnitt Minerals Research Centre, Brisbane; Minerals processing Dr F Shi Julius Kruttschnitt Minerals Research Centre, Brisbane, Minerals processing Professor S Simukanga University of Zambia; Mineral Processing M van Lersel – group of PhD students University of Eindhoven (Netherlands); Chemical Engineering Contact Details Postal Address: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701 Telephone: +27 21 650 2509 Fax: +27 21 650 5501 E-mail: eric.vansteen@uct.ac.za Web: http://www.chemeng.uct.ac.za/ Research Output ARTICLES IN PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS Balasundaram, B. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2005. Disruption of brewers' yeast by hydrodynamic cavitation: Process variables and their influence on selective release. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 94(2): 303-311. Balasundaram, B. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Study of physical and biological factors involved in the disruption of E.coli by hydrodynamic cavitation. Biotechnology Progress, 22(3): 907-913. Barkhuizen, A., Mabaso, E.I., Viljoen, E.L., Welker, C., Claeys, M.C., Van Steen, E.W.J. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Experimental approaches to the preparation of supported metal nanoparticles. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78(9): 1759-1769. Bbosa, L., Powell, M.S. and Cloete, T.J. 2006. An investigation of impact breakage of rocks using the split Hopkinson pressure bar. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 106: 291-296. Botha, T.J. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. A comparison of the environmental benefits of bagasse-derived electricity and fuel ethanol on a life-cycle basis. Energy Policy, 34(17): 2654-2661. Bradshaw, D.J., Buswell, M.A., Harris, P.J. and Ekmekci, Z. 2006. Interactive effects of the type of milling media and copper sulphate addition on the flotation performance of sulphide minerals from Merensky ore Part I: Pulp chemistry. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 78: 153-163. Brosius, R., Gammon, D.W., Van Laar, F., Van Steen, E.W.J., Sels, B.F. and Jacobs, P.A. 2006. Vapour-phase synthesis of 2-methyl- and 4-methylquinoline over BEA* zeolites. Journal of Catalysis, 239(2): 362-368. Case, J.M. 2006. Enhancing teaching in higher education: New approaches for improving student learning. Studies in Higher Education, 31(4): 511-521. Case, J.M. and Gunstone, R.F. 2006. Metacognitive development: A view beyond cognition. Research in Science Education, 36(4): 51-67. Clarke, K., Johnstone-Robertson, M., Harrison, S.T.L. and Price, B. 2006. Location of glucose oxidase during production by Aspergillus niger. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 70(1): 72-77. Clarke, K., Williams, P.C., Smit, M.S. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Enhancement and repression of volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient through hydrocarbon addition and its influence on oxygen transfer rate in stirred tank bioreactors. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 28(3): 237-242. Coram-Uliana, N.J., Van Hille, R.P., Kohr, W.J. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Development of a method to assay the microbial population in heap bioleaching operations. Hydrometallurgy, 83: 237-244. Deglon, D.A. and Meyer, C.J. 2006. CFD modelling of stirred tanks: Numerical considerations. Minerals Engineering, 19(10): 1059-1068. Du Toit, A.J., Gaylard, P., Jahanshahi, S. and Nell, J. 2006. Iron redox-equilibria and sulphide capacity of PGM melter-type slags. Minerals Engineering, 19: 212-218. Dürr, R., Vielhauer, O., Burton, S.G., Cowan, D.A., Puñal, A., Brandão, P.F.B., Bull, A.T. and Syldatk, C. 2006. Distribution of hydantoinase activity in bacterial isolates from geographically distinct environmental sources. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B - Enzymatic, 39: 160-165. Ekmekçi, Z., Bradshaw, D.J., Harris, P.J. and Buswell, M.A. 2006. Interative effects of the type of milling media and CuSO4 addition on the flotation performance of sulphide minerals from Merensky ore: Part II: Froth stability. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 78(3): 164-174. Farkade, V.D., Harrison, S.T.L. and Pandit, A.B. 2006. Improved cavitational cell disruption following pH pre-treatment for the extraction of β-galactosidase from Kluveromyces lactis. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 31: 25-30. Fraser, D., Allison, S.A., Coombes, H.M., Case, J.M. and Linder, C. 2006. Using variation to enhance learning in engineering. International Journal of Engineering Education, 22(1): 102-108. Govender, I. and Powell, M.S. 2006. An empirical power model derived from 3D particle tracking experiments. Minerals Engineering, 19(10): 1005-1012. Govender, N.S., Janse van Vuuren, M., Claeys, M.C. and Van Steen, E.W.J. 2006. Importance of the usage ratio in iron-based Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis with recycle. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 45: 8629-8633. Icgen, B. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Exposure to sulfide causes populations shifts in sulfate-reducing consortia. Research in Microbiology, 157(8): 784-791. Icgen, B. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Identification of population dynamics in sulfate-reducing consortia on exposure to sulphate. Research in Microbiology, 157(1): 922-927. Lewis, A.E. and Swartbooi, A.M. 2006. Factors affecting metal removal in mixed sulfide precipitation. Chemical Engineering and Technology, 29(2): 277-280. Lewis, A.E. and Van Hille, R.P. 2006. An exploration into the sulphide precipitation and its effect on metal sulphide removal. Hydrometallurgy, 81(3-4): 197-204. Linder, C., Fraser, D. and Fai Pang, M. 2006. Using a variation approach to enhance physics learning in a college classroom. The Physics Teacher, 44: 63-66. Mainza, A.N., Narasimha, M., Powell, M.S., Holtham, P.N. and Brennan, M. 2006. Study of flow behaviour in a three-product cyclone using computational fluid dynamics. Minerals Engineering, 19(10): 1048-1058. Moon, G.C., O’Connor, C.T. and Böhringer, W. 2005. Pressure induced enhancement of shape selective phenol methylation. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 154 C: 2255-2260. Moosa, S. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Product inhibition by sulphide species on biological sulphate reduction for the treatment of acid mine drainage. Hydrometallurgy, 83: 214-222. Newell, J.H., Bradshaw, D.J. and Harris, P.J. 2006. The effect of heavy oxidation upon flotation and potential remedies for Merensky type sulfides. Minerals Engineering, 19(6-8): 675-686. Ntuli, F. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. The effect of a morphology modifier on the precipitation behaviour of nickel powder. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(17): 5827-5833. Ochieng, A. and Lewis, A.E. 2005. Nickel solids concentration distribution in a stirred tank. Minerals Engineering, 19(2): 180-189. Ochieng, A. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. CFD simulation of solids off-bottom suspension and cloud height. Hydrometallurgy, 82: 1-12. O’Connor, C.T., Malysiak, V. and Shackleton, N.J. 2006. The interaction of xanthates and amines with pyroxene activated by copper and nickel. Minerals Engineering, 19(6-8): 799-806. Ogbonna, N., Petersen, J. and Laurie, H.D.G. 2006. An agglomerate scale model for the heap bioleaching of chalcocite. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 106: 433-442. Ojumu, V., Petersen, J., Searby, G.E. and Hansford, G.S. 2006. A review of rate equations proposed for microbial ferrous-iron oxidation with a view to application to heap bioleaching. Hydrometallurgy, 83(1-4): 21-28. Petersen, J. and Dixon, D.G. 2006. Competitive bioleaching of pyrite and chalcopyrite. Hydrometallurgy, 83(1-4): 40-49. Powell, M.S. and Mainza, A.N. 2006. Extended grinding curves are essential to the comparison of milling performance. Minerals Engineering, 19(2): 1487-1494. Powell, M.S. and McBride, T. 2006. What is required from DEM simulations to model breakage in mills? Minerals Engineering, 19(10): 1013-1021. Scott, S.A., Dennis, J.S., Hayhurst, A.N. and Brown, T.A. 2006. In situ gasification of a solid fuel and CO2 separation using chemical looping. Aiche Journal - American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 52(9): 3325-3328. Stafford, W.H.L., Baker, G.C., Brown, S.A., Burton, S.G. and Cowan, D.A. 2005. Bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of Proteaceae species. Environmental Microbiology, 7(11): 1755-1768. Stevenson, R.A., Harrison, S.T.L., Miles, N. and Cilliers, J.J. 2006. Examination of swirling flow using electrical resistance tomography. Powder Technology, 162(2): 157-165. Stewart, M. and Petrie, J.G. 2006. A process systems approach to life cycle inventories for minerals: South African and Australian case studies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(12-13): 1042-1056. Streicher, S.J., West, K., Fraser, D., Case, J.M. and Linder, C. 2005. Learning through simulation: Student engagement. Chemical Engineering Education, 39(4): 288-301. Taty Costodes, V.C. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. Reactive crystallization of nickel hydroxy-carbonate in fluidized-bed reactor: Fines production and column design. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(5): 1377-1385. Taty Costodes, V.C., Mausse, F., Molala, K. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. A simple approach for determining particle size enlargement mechanisms in nickel reduction. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 78(2): 93-100. Van Steen, E.W.J., Viljoen, E.L. and Claeys, M.C. 2006. A DFT-study on the acidity of Mo-O-Al-clusters. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A - Chemical, 266: 2254-2259. Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. A comparison or air emissions of thermal power plants in South Africa and 15 European countries. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 17(1): 72-81. Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. Promoting active learning in sustainable development: Experiences from a 4th year chemical engineering course. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(9-11): 916-923. Von Blottnitz, H., Rabl, A., Boiadjiev, D., Taylor, T. and Arnold, S. 2006. Damage costs of nitrogen fertilizer in Europe and their internalization. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 49(3): 413-433. Wiese, J.G., Harris, P.J. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. The role of the reagent suite in optimising pentlandite recoveries from the Merensky reef. Minerals Engineering, 19(12): 1290-1300. Wilkinson, A.J., Randall, E.W., Long, T.M. and Collins, A. 2006. The design of an ERT system for 3D data acquisition and a quantitative evaluation of its performance. Measurement Science and Technology, 17(1): 2088-2096. Winkler, H.E., Borchers, M., Hughes, A.G., Visagie, E.F. and Heinrich, G.S. 2006. Policies and scenarios for Cape Town's energy future: Options for sustainable city energy development. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 17(1): 28-41. Zhang, Y.F. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. Effect of crystallisation on the reaction kinetics of nickel reduction by hydrogen. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(12): 4120-4125. Zhuang, Q., Claeys, M.C. and Van Steen, E.W.J. 2006. Novel synthesis route for egg-shell, egg-white and egg-yolk type of cobalt on silica catalysts. Applied Catalysis A - General, 301(1): 138-142. CHAPTERS IN BOOKS Petersen, J. and Dixon, D.G. 2006. Modeling and optimization of Heap Bioleach Processes. In D.E. Rawlings and D.B. Johnson (eds), Biomining: 155-176. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. Powell, M.S., Smit, I., Radziszweski, P., Cleary, P., Rattray, B., Eriksson, K.G. and Schaeffer, L. 2006. Selection and design of mill liners. In S. Komar Kawatra (ed.), Advances in comminution: 331-375. Littleton, Colorado, USA: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration In. PEER-REVIEWED PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Accolla, C. and Moller, K.P. 2006. The development of a fischer-tropsch wax hydrocracking model. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Ajayi, O. and Musonge, P. 2006. An optimised form of the standard k-ε turbulence model for stirred tank reactors. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Amigun, B. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. An investigation of scale economies for African Biogas installations. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Anderson, C., Deglon, D.A. and Harris, M.C. 2006. The effect of energy on quartz flotation in a novel oscillatory baffled column. In G. Onal, N. Acarkan, M. Celik, F. Arslan, G. Atesok, A. Guney, A. Sirkeci, A. Yuce and K. Perek (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 733-738. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Bagci, E., Ekmekci, Z., Gokagac, G. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. The synergistic effect of mixture of collectors on adsorption behaviour on chalcopyrite. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 625-630. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Balasundaram, B. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Influence of the method and extent of disruption of Bakers' Yeast on the adsorption performance in expanded beds. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Bepswa, P.A., Deglon, D.A. and Chakraborty, A. 2006. Heuristic methodology for designing measurement networks for metallurgical accounting. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 1777-1782. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Bicak, O., Ekmekci, Z. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. Adsorption of polysaccharides on pyrite. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 479-484. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Böhringer, W., Dwyer, C.L. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Acid catalysed conversion of phenolics – influence of impurities from coal gasification. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Böhringer, W., Kotsiopoulos, A., De boer, M., Knottenbelt, C. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. On the application of non-sulphided base metal catalysts for normal paraffin hydrocracking. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Broadhurst, J.L., Petrie, J.G. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. Understanding element distribution during primary metal production. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Sustainable Processing of Minerals, 5-6 June 2006, Newcastle, Australia, 9-24. ISBN 1-920806-44-X. Burdukova, E., Laskowski, J.S. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. Surface properties of talc and their effect on the behaviour of talc suspensions. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 904-910. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Case, J.M. 2006. Issues facing engineering education in South Africa. Proceedings of the 3rd African Regional Conference on Engineering Education, 26-27 September 2006, Pretoria, South Africa, 13-30. ISBN 0-620-37232-X. Chakraborty, A. and Deglon, D.A. 2006. Measurement network design for metallurgical accounting: A heuristic methodology. In T. Yalcin and H. Shang (eds), Proceedings of Mineral Process Modelling, Simulation and Control, 6-7 June 2006, Sudbury, Canada, 409-421. ISBN 0-88667-066-7. Chakraborty, A. and Moller, K.P. 2006. Reduced order modelling for separation systems: An evaluation of orthogonal collocation on finite elements (OCFE). Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Chandramohan, R. and Powell, M.S. 2006. A structured approach to modelling SAG Mill Liner Wear – monitoring wear. Proceedings of International Autogenous and Semi Autogenous Grinding Technology 2006, 23-27 September 2006, Vancouver, Canada, 133-148. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. Correia, L.D.C., Clarke, K., Aldrich, C. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. The influence of gas-liquid interfacial area on the oxygen transfer coefficient in alkane-aqueous suspensions. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Ekmekci, Z., Can, N.M., Aslan, A. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. Relating the changes in froth structure to metallurgical performance in flotation using machine vision. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 802-806. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Forbes, G.R., De Jager, G. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. Effective use of bubble size distribution measurements. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, Vol 1: 554-559. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Fraser, D. 2006. Building engineering education capacity in Africa. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Fraser, D. 2006. Building sustainable engineering education in Africa. Proceedings of the 3rd African Regional Conference on Engineering Education, 26-27 September 2006, Pretoria, South Africa, 121-128. ISBN 0-620-37232-X. Fraser, D. 2006. Tracking student success in engineering education. Proceedings of South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Fraser, D. 2006. Tracking student success in engineering education. Proceedings of the 3rd African regional Conference on Engineering Education, 26-27 September 2006, Pretoria, South Africa, 455-464. ISBN 0-620-37232-X. Fraser, D., Howe, M., Hugo, A. and Shenoy, U. 2006. Selection of mass separating agents in mass exchanger network synthesis. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Fraser, D., Linder, C. and Case, J.M. 2006. Learning through computer simulation. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Fraser, D., Linder, C. and Case, J.M. 2006. Learning through computer simulation. Proceedings of the 3rd African Regional Conference on Engineering Education, 26-27 September 2006, Pretoria, South Africa, 473-480. ISBN 0-620-37232-X. Germanis, P. and Burton, S.G. 2006. An investigation into the conditions of polyphenol extraction from red grape marc (vitis vinifera). Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Hanrahan, H.E., Beute, N., Fraser, D., Gosling, J. and Jandrell, I.R. 2006. Engineering education in South Africa: Infragile good health,denial or crisis? Proceedings of the 3rd African Regional Conference on Engineering Education, 26-27 September 2006, Pretoria, South Africa, 69-78. ISBN 0-620-37232-X. Harding, K.G., Dennis, J.S., Von Blottnitz, H. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Life-cycle assessment of industrial biodiesel production using inorganic or biological catalysts. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Isafiade, A.J. and Fraser, D. 2006. Combined heat and mass exchange network synthesis using pinch technology. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Johnstone-Robertson, M., Clarke, K. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Comparison of the location of glucose oxidase in Penicillium Canescens tT42 and Aspergillus Niger NRRL-3 cultures. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Kloppers, J.P., Tapson, J.C., Bradshaw, D.J. and Gaunt, C.T. 2006. Improving technology transfer in developing countries. Proceedings of the 3rd African Regional Conference on Engineering Education, 26-27 September 2006, Pretoria, South Africa, 375-380. ISBN 0-620-37232-X. Kotsiopoulos, A., Hansford, G.S. and Rawatlal, R. 2006. Application of population balance modeling in continuous tank bioleaching. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Mainza, A.N. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Enhancing platinum recovery with the three-product cyclone. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Instanbul, Turkey, 1578-1583. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Malan, R., Kempener, R., Beck, J., Cohen, B., Basson, L. and Petrie, J.G. 2006. Analysis of industrial networks for sustainable development – a multi-agent approach. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Modutwane, A.T. and Moller, K.P. 2006. Optimisation of ZSM-5 activity with regard to crystallinity. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Morar, H., Hatfield, D.P., Barbian, N., Bradshaw, D.J., Cilliers, J.J. and Triffett, B. 2006. A comparison of flotation froth stability measurements and their use in the prediction of concentrate grade. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 739-744. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Mwakyusa, G., Musonge, P. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. Minimization of water loss in the mineral process industry. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Ncanana, S.W. and Burton, S.G. 2006. Enzymatic synthesis of poly (8-Hydroxyquinoline) by trametes pubescens laccase as a method to remove 8-hydroxyquinoline from aqueous solution: A bioremediation model. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Newell, J.H., Ekmekci, Z. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. Sulfidisation mechanisms for heavily oxidised sulfide minerals. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 560-565. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Nissing, J. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. A material flow analysis of wood and paper in Cape Town: Is there potential to re-direct flows in formal and informal sectors to foster use as a renewable resource? Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Sustainable Development Research Conference, 6-8 April 2006, Hong Kong. ISBN 962-7589-27-6. [CD-ROM]. Powell, M.S. 2006. The unified comminution model – a conceptually new model. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 1783-1788. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Mwansa, S., Condori, F. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Charge segregation and slurry transport in long SAG mills. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, Vol. 1: 81-86. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Powell, M.S., Smit, I., Radziszewski, P., Cleary, P., Rattray, B., Eriksson, K.-G. and Schaeffer, L. 2006. The selection and design of mill liners. In S.K. Kawatra (ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium – Advances in Comminution, St Louis, USA, 331-376. ISBN 0-87335-246-7. Reddick, J., Von Blottnitz, H. and Kothuis, B. 2006. A cleaner production assessment of the ultra-fine waste generated in South Africa. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Runge, K.C., Franzidis, J.-P., Manlapig, E.V. and Harris, M.C. 2006. Conservation of floatability across processes in industrial flotation circuits. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 3-8 September 2006, 1910-1914. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Schwarz, S., Alexander, D., Whiten, W.J., Franzidis, J.-P. and Harris, M.C. 2006. JKSimFloat V6: Improving flotation circuit performance and understanding. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 1717-1722. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Shackleton, N.J., Malysiak, V. and O’Connor, C.T. 2006. Surface characteristics and flotation behaviour of sperrylite and palladoarsenide. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 420-425. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Sweet, C.G., Sweet, J.A., Harris, M.C. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Industry taking the initiative in developing high calibre technical staff. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 2055-2059. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Sweet, J.A., Bradshaw, D.J. and Harris, M.C. 2006. Interpreting the individual contribution of reagents on a plant scale. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Istanbul, Turkey, 1961-1965. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. Von Blottnitz, H. and Chakraborty, A. 2006. 2nd Generation bio-energy technology: Thoughts about getting the best new developments to work for Africa. Proceedings of the South African Chemical Engineering Congress 2006, 20-22 September 2006, Durban, South Africa. ISBN 1-86840-616-4. [CD-ROM]. Wiese, J.G., Becker, M.E., Bradshaw, D.J. and Harris, P.J. 2006. Interpreting the role of reagents in the flotation of platinum bearing Merensky ores. Proceedings of the 2nd International Platinum Conference 'Platinum Surges Ahead', 8-12 October 2006, Sun City, Rustenburg, South Africa, 175-180. ISBN 1-919783-92-X. Wiese, J.G., Bradshaw, D.J., Laskowski, J.S. and Harris, M.C. 2006. The role of activators in pyrrhotite flotation from the Merensky Reef. In G. Onal, et al. (eds), Proceedings of the XXIII International Mineral Processing Congress, 3-8 September 2006, Instanbul, Turkey, 727-732. ISBN 975-7946-27-3. NON PEER-REVIEWED PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Condori, F. and Powell, M.S. 2006. A proposed mechanistic slurry discharge model for AG/SAG Mills. Proceedings of International Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology 2006, Vancouver, Canada, 421-434. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. Govender, I. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Investigating SAG Model assumptions using laboratory 3D trajectory data. Proceedings of International Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology 2006, Vancouver, Canada, 436-450. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. Lewis, A.E. 2006. Water recovery and salt recovery from brine solutions. Proceedings of 13th International Workshop on Industrial Crystallization (BIWIC) 13-15 September 2006, Delft, The Netherlands, 1-8. ISBN 1-58603-658-0. Lewis, A.E., Nathoo, J. and Gluck, T. 2006. Identifying critical operating parameters and mechanism for a manganese sulphide precipitation process. Proceedings of 13th International Workshop on Industrial Crystallization (BIWIC), 13-15 Sept 2006, Delft, The Netherlands, 1-8. ISBN 1-58603-658-0 Mainza, A.N. and Powell, M.S. 2006. RoM Ball Mills - A comparison with AG/SAG Milling. Proceedings of International Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology 2006, Vancouver, Canada, 314-325. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. Mainza, A.N., Powell, M.S. and Morrison, R.D. 2006. A review of SAG circuits closed with hydrocyclones. Proceedings of International Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology, Vancouver, Canada, 326-341. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. McBride, T. and Powell, M.S. 2006. A structured Approach to modelling SAG Mill Liner Wear - Numerical modelling of liner evolution. Proceedings of International Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology 2006, Vancouver, Canada, 120-132. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. Morrison, R.D., Loveday, B., Powell, M.S., Djordjevic, N. and Cleary, P. 2006. Applying discrete element modelling to different modes of breakage in AG and SAG Mills. Proceedings of International Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology 2006, Vancouver, Canada, 407-420. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. Powell, M.S. and Valery, W. 2006. Slurry pooling and transport issues in SAG Mills. Proceedings of International Conference on Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology, Vancouver, Canada, 133-152. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. Powell, M.S., Condori, F., Smit, I. and Valery, W. 2006. The value of rigorous surveys - the los bronces experience. Proceedings of International Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology 2006, Vancouver, Canada, 233-248. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. Van der westhuizen, A.P. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Milling curves as a tool for characterising SAG Mill performance. Proceedings of International Autogenous and Semiautogenous Grinding Technology 2006, Vancouver, Canada, 217-232. ISBN 0-88865-814-1. PUBLISHED CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS Accolla, C. and Moller, K.P. 2006. The development of a Fischer Tropsch wax hydrocracking model. CATSA Conference: O-5. Ajayi, O. and Musonge, P. 2006. Application of the standard k - e turbulance model to stirred tank reactors. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference 2006: O3. Almendras, M., Carballa, M., Van Hille, R.P., Harrison, S.T.L. and Chamy, R. 2006. Heavy metal precipitation using sulfate reducing bacteria in liquid and soil medium. Mineral Processing 2006: PP05. Amigun, B. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. An investigation of scale economies for African biogas installations. IEW Conference, Cape Town 2006. CD-ROM. Anderson, C., Deglon, D.A. and Harris, M.C. 2006. Flotation in an oscillatory baffled flotation column. Mineral Processing 2006: OR20. Balasundaram, B. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Influence of the method and extent of disruption of Bakers'yeast on the adsorption performance of expanded bed adsorption chromatography. ESBES, Salzburg, Austria 2006. Barty, A., Powell, M.S. and Meyer, C.J. 2006. A CFD Model for a hydrocyclone operating with an air core. Mineral Processing 2006: SP19. Basson, L. and Petrie, J.G. 2006. An integrated approach for consideration of uncertainty in multiple attribute decision analysis and its demonstration for value function methods. MCDM, Chania, Greece June 2006. Basson, L. and Petrie, J.G. 2006. Indifference and indistinguishability - implications for preference modelling and management of uncertainty in MCDA. MCDM, Chania, Greece June 2006. Basson, L. and Petrie, J.G. 2006. The complimentary use of value function and outranking methods to screen projects for the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. European Conference on Operational Research, Reykjavik, Iceland, June 2006. Bbosa, L. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Measuring the energy of impact breakage of rocks using the split hopkinson bar. Mineral processing: 0R10. Becker, M.E., Harris, P.J., Wiese, J.G. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. The use of quantitative mineralogical data to interpret the behaviour of gangue minerals in the flotation of Merensky Reef ores. Automated Mineralogy, Brisbane, Australia, July 2006. Bepswa, P.A., Deglon, D.A. and Chakraborty, A. 2006. A Heuristic methodology for designing measurement networks for metallurgical accounting. Mineral processing 2006: OR33. Blignaut, A., Claeys, M.C. and Van Steen, E.W.J. 2006. Fe-based Fischer-Tropsch olefin selectivity study evaluating the impact of support basicity and metal particle size. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: FTS-2. Böhringer, W.F.W., Dwyer, C.L. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Poisoning of acid catalysts by impurities in coal-gasification-derived phenolics streams. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: O-9. Bradshaw, D.J., Newell, J.H. and Skinner, W.M. 2006. Restoring the floatability of oxidised sulfides using sulfidisation. Mineral Processing 2006: OR18. Bradshaw, D.J., Wiese, J.G., Becker, M.E. and Harris, P.J. 2006. Incorporating mineralogical assessment onto analysis of flotation behaviour. UK Minerals Conference, Imperial College, London Sept 2006. Brill, C., Moerdyk, C., Nissing, J. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. Composition and heterogeneity of MSW from Khayelitsha. WasteCon O6, Someset West, September 2006: 43. Brosius, R. and Martens, J.A. 2006. Adsorbed states of NOx in Zeolite Catalysts and their role in selective catalytic reduction of NOx using Hydrocarbons. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: O10. Brosius, R., Böhringer, W.F.W. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Hydrogen spillover in paraffin hydrocracking. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: O-7. Burton, S.G., Ncanana, S.W., Chigorimbo-Tsikiwa, N.T. and Ting, M.B. 2006. Sequential biocatalytic oxidation steps to produce novel antioxidant compounds. Multistep Enzyme Catalysed Bioprocesses, Graz, 2006. Cairns, P.S., Dry, M.E. and Claeys, M.C. 2006. Copper as a selectivity promoted in iron based fischer-tropsch synthesis? SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: O7. Cairns, P.S., Dry, M.E., Van Steen, E.W.J. and Claeys, M.C. 2006. Copper, a selectivity promoter in iron based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis? CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: O-19. Case, J.M. and Marshall, D. 2006. New ways of characterising the student learning experience: an identification of students' discourse models. Higher Education Close Up 3, Lancaster UK 2006: 9-11. Chandramohan, R. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Monitoring wear of mill liners. Mineral Processing 2006: SP09. Cheang, T., Van Steen, E.W.J. and Claeys, M.C. 2006. Preparation of iron-based supported model catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: FTS-4. Chiyanzu, I. and Burton, S.G. 2006. Immobilization of a novel thermostable nitrile hydratase (nhase). South African Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology XXth SASBMB Conference, Pietermartizburg 2006: 189. Chiyanzu, I., Cowan, D. and Burton, S.G. 2006. Immobilization and characterization of a novel bacillus sp. rapc8 nitrile hydratase (NHase). The South African Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2Oth Congress, Pietermaritzburg, July 2006. Claeys, M.C., Dry, M.E., Van Steen, E.W.J., Gibson, P., Visagie, J.L., Motjope, T. and Van zyl, A. 2006. Selectivity improvement via nitriding of iron-based Fischer Tropsch catalysts. International Pittsburgh Coal Conference 2006, Pittsburgh USA, Sept 2006. Cohen, B., Basson, L. and Petrie, J.G. 2006. A software platform for industry decision support. MCDM, Chania, Greece, June 2006. Cohen, B., Casaroli, S.J.G., Petrie, J.G., Shipley, D.S. and Tong, A.R. 2006. Cementation and precipitation of contaminant metals in a zinc halide leaching and recovery circuit: Experimental observations and implications for process design. Mineral processing 2006: OR23. Condori, F. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Slurry transport mechanisms in AG/SAG Mills. Mineral Processing 2006: SP12. Devassy, B.M., Böhringer, W.F.W. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Heteropoly Acids: Catalysts with Acidic and redox properties. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: O9. Devassy, B.M., Böhringer, W.F.W., Halligudi, S.B. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Heteropoly acids: Catalysts with acidic and redox properties. CATSA Cobference Proceedings 2006: GEN-6. Diedericks,, Smit, M.S., Rawatlal, R. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. A Kinetic framework for the production of YARROWIA Biomass to provide catalyst for the activation of linear alkanes. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: P9. Dry, M.E. 2006. Development of the Fischer-Tropsch process. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: O-16. Fletcher, J.C.Q., Barkhuizen, D., Daya, Y., Böhringer, W. and Roberts, S. 2006. Au/ZnO and WGC Reference Catalysts for Water-Gas Shift. The 4th international conference on Gold Science, Technology and its Applications, Limerick, Ireland, 3 – 6 September 2006. Fletcher, J.V., Van der Westhuizen, R., Janse van Vuuren, M. and Van Steen, E.W.J. 2006. Effect of temperature on Fischer-Tropsch selectivity. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: O-17. Forbes, G.R., De jager, G. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. Effective use of bubble size distribution measurements. Mineral processing: OR41. Harding, K.G., Dennis, J.S., Von Blottnitz, H. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Environmental analysis of plastic production processes: Life cycle assessment comparison of petoleum-based polypropylene and polyethylene versus biologically-based poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: O13. Harrison, S.T.L., Correia, L.D.C., Aldrich, C. and Clarke, K. 2006. The influence of gas-liquid interfacial area on the oxygen transfer coefficient in alikane-aqueous systems. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: O5. Harrison, S.T.L., Harding, K.G., Dennis, J.S. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. Comparing industrial biodiesel production routes based on inorganic or biological catalysts in terms of process and environmental factors. CATSA Conference: O-4. Hatfield, D.P., Bradshaw, D.J., Barbian, N., Cilliers, J.J. and Triffett, B. 2006. A comparison of flotation froth stability measurements and their use in the prediction of concentrate grade. Mineral processing 2006: OR39. Hector, D.C.A., Christensen, C.B. and Petrie, J.G. 2006. A problem structuring method for complex societal decisions; its philosophical and psychological dimensions. EUROXXI European Conference on Operational Research, Reykjavik, Iceland, June 2006. Heyns, M., Janse van Rensburg, T., Böhringer, W.F.W. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Investigation of rate limiting steps on a xylene practical apparatus. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: P14. Kamunga Kazadi, T. and Petersen, J. 2006. Measurement of ferrous iron oxidation kinetics in biological and abiotic systems using the redostat TM device. Mineral Processing 2006: SP04. Karbanee, N., Van Hille, R. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. Using gaseous sulphide to control supersaturation in metal sulphide precipitation. Mineral processing 2006: SP05. Kulya, C., Govender, I. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Using the dem energy spectra in a population balance approach to model breakage in the mill. Mineral Processing 2006: SP11. Laskowski, J.S. and Bradshaw, D.J. 2006. Surface properties of talc and their effect on the behaviour of talc suspensions. Mineral Processing 2006: OR38. Law-Brown, J. and Burton, S.G. 2006. Enzyme detection and bacterial isolation from Antarctic soil samples. South African Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology XXth SASBMB Conference, Pietermartizburg, 2-5 July 2006: 232. Lewis, A.E., Hove, M. and Van Hille, R.P. 2006. Characterisation of iron sludge formed during hydroxide precipitation of iron from ferrous sulphate solutions. Mineral Processing 2006: OR12. Lewis, A.E., Nathoo, J. and Gluck, T. 2006. Identifying critical operating parameters and mechanism for a manganese sulphide precipitation process. Proceedings of Mineral Processing 2006, Newlands, South Africa, 0R04. Lombard, H.A., Claeys, M.C. and Van Steen, E.W.J. 2006. Alumina as a binder in a precipitated iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: O-20. Mainza, A.N., Powell, M.S. and Knopjes, B. 2006. Enhancing platinum recovery with the three-product cyclone. Mineral Processing 2006: OR27. Maluleke, J. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. The use of sequesntial extraction procedures for determination and partitioning of metals in mine tailing. Mineral Processing 2006: OR24. Mausse, F. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. Use of artifical neural network models to derive particle size distributions from chord length distributions. Mineral Processing 2006: OR44. Mausse, F., Seckler, M.M., Guardani, R., Bernado, A. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. Use of artificial neural network models to derive particle size distributions from chord length distributions. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference 2006: O4. Melamu, R. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. A novel fuel cell technology for converting municipal waste into electricity. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: P4. Moeketsi, K., Böhringer, W.F.W. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Zeolite Catalysed Phenol-Xylenol Transalkylation. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: P15. Mokone, P. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. Recovery of zinc from solution using a mixed sulphide/bicarbonate precipitating reagent. Mineral Processing 2006: SP15. Moon, G.C., Böhringer, W.F.W., Fletcher, J.C.Q. and O’Connor, C.T. 2006. The methylation of phenol with methanol over HMCM-22. 18th Deutsch Zeolith-Tagung, Hannover, Germany, 1-3 March 2006. Mwakyusa, G., Musonge, P. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. Water recovery from mineral tailings. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: O17. Mwansa, S., Condori, F. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Charge segregation and slurry transport in long sag mills. MIneral Processing 2006: SP08. Nemugumoni, J., Van Hille, R.P. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. The effect of dissolved silver species on the metabolic activity of micro-organisms implicated in mineral bioleaching, especially sulfolobus metallicus. Mineral Processing 2006: SP02. Nissing, J. and Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. Burn, gasify, pyrolyse or ferment? Making sense of the many possibilities for energy from waste in South Africa. WasteCon06 Somerset West, 5-8 September 2006. Ntuli, F. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. The effect of a Morphology modifier on the precipitation behaviour of nickel powder. Mineral Processing 2006: OR13. O’Connor, C.T. 2006. The characterisation of mordenite modified by acid washing and steam treatment. CATSA Conference Proceedings: O-6. Ogbonna, N., Petersen, J. and Laurie, H.D.G. 2006. An isothermal agglomerate scale model for the heap bioleaching of chalcocite. Mineral processing 2006: OR06. Ojumu, V., Petersen, J. and Hansford, G.S. 2006. Effects of solution conditions of heap bioleach systems on microbial ferrous-iron oxidation kinetics of LEPTOSPIRILLUM ferriphilum. Mineral Processing 2006: OR25. Ojumu, V., Petersen, J. and Hansford, G.S. 2006. The effect of total iron concentration on the microbial ferrous iron oxidation kinetics of Leptospirillum ferriphilum. The 6th European Symposium on Biochemical Engineering Science, Salzburg, Austria, August 2006. Oyekola, O., Van Hille, R.P. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Kinetic analysis of biological sulphate reduction using lactate as carbon source and electron donor effect of sulphate concentration. Mineral processing: OR07. Oyekola, O., Van Hille, R.P. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Kinetic analysis of biological sulphate reduction using lactate as carbon source and electron donor: effect of sulphate concentration. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: O16. Oyekola, O., Van Hille, R.P. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) population structure response to physiochemical changes in lactate-fed anaerobic bioreactors; preliminary study. The South African Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SASBMB) 20th Congress, Pietermaritzburg, July 2006: 115. Parolis, L.A.S., Groenmeyer, G. and Harris, P.J. 2006. The influence of metal cations on the behaviour of carboxymethyl cellulose depressants. Mineral Processing 2006: OR17. Petrie, J.G., Kempener, R., Basson, L. and Cohen, B. 2006. Analysis and design of industrial networks for sustainability objectives. EURO XXI European Conference on Operational Research, Reykjavik, Iceland, June 2006. Petrie, J.G., Kempener, R., Basson, L. and Cohen, B. 2006. Use of MCDA to model Agent Decisions in Complex Industrial Networks. MCDM, Ghania, Greece, June 2006. Phala, N.S. and Van Steen, E. 2006. Intrinsic Reactivity of Gold Nanoparticles: Classical, Semi-Empirical and DFT Studies. The 4th international conference on Gold Science, Technology and its Applications, Limerick, Ireland, 3 – 6 September 2006. Powell, M.S. 2006. The unified comminution model - a conceptually new model. Proceedings of Minerals Processing 2006, Newlands, South Africa, 0R03. Rawatlal, R. 2006. Applications of modified population balance models in bio reaction engineering. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference 2006: O1. Reddy, S.T. and Lewis, A.E. 2006. Innovative approaches to brine treatment. Mineral Processing 2006: SP07. Sauerbeck, S., Moon, G.C., Böhringer, W.F.W., Fletcher, J.C.Q. and O’Connor, C.T. 2006. The methylation of phenol with methanol over HMCM-22. 18th Deutsch Zeolith-Tagung, Hannover, Germany 1-3 March 2006: KV15. Shamaila, S. and O’Connor, C.T. 2006. An investigation of the flotation response of synthetic PGMS in a natural ore environment. Mineral Processing 2006: OR36. Sheridan, C., Petersen, J., Rohwer, J. and Burton, S.G. 2006. Constructed wetlands for the primary treatment of winery effluent. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: O11. Sheridan, C., Petersen, J., Rohwer, J. and Burton, S.G. 2006. Engineering design of subsurface flow constructed wetlands for the primary treatment of winery effluent. Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2006, Lisbon, Portugal, 1623-1633. Spurr, N.R.L., Harrison, S.T.L. and Van Hille, R.P. 2006. Microbial colonisation and propagation through the mineral ore heap on bioleaching. Mineral Processing 2006: PP10. Sweet, J.A., Bradshaw, D.J., Harris, P.J. and Crafford, H. 2006. Interpreting the individual contribution of reagents on a plant scale. Mineral Processing 2006: SP10. Vallabh, H., Barnes, N., Toma, N., Bohringer, W., Halligudi, S.B. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Shape selective Phenol Alkylation with C3 – and C6 – alcohols in Gas and Liquid Phase. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: P16. Toma, N.V., Vallabh, H., Barnes, N., Böhringer, W.F.W., Halligudi, S.B. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Shape selective phenol alkylation with C3- and C6-alcohols in gas and liquid phase. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: O-8. Vallabh, H., Barnes, N., Böhringer, W.F.W. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. Shape Selective Phenol Alkylation in Gas Phase. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: P17. Van der Westhuizen, A.P. and Deglon, D.A. 2006. Applying components of variance analyses in metal accounting measurements on a ZN refining operation. Mineral Processing 2006: SP18. Van der Westhuizen, A.P., Kola, I. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Milling curves as a tool for characterising SAG mill performance. Mineral Processing 2006: OR11. Van Eck, M. and Powell, M.S. 2006. Introducing Liberation into particle breakage testing. Mineral Processing 2006: SP20. Viljoen, E.L., Van Steen, E.W.J., Van de Loosdrecht, J. and Claeys, M.C. 2006. The influence of the acidity characteristics of a cobalt catalyst on the Fischer-Tropsch selectivity. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: O-18. Welker, C., Moss, J.R., Van Steen, E.W.J. and Claeys, M.C. 2006. Effect of crystallite size in Ru-based Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: P1. Welker, C., Moss, J.R., Van Steen, E.W.J. and Claeys, M.C. 2006. Closing the gap between homo-and heterogeneous Ru-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. CATSA Conference Proceedings 2006: FTS-7. Wiese, J.G., Harris, P.J., Bradshaw, D.J. and Laskowski, J.S. 2006. The role of activators in pyrrhotite flotation from the merensky reef. Mineral processing 2006: OR19. Zhuang, Q., Claeys, M.C. and Van Steen, E.W.J. 2006. Structured cobalt catalysis for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. SAIChE Annual R&D Conference: P2. Zizhou, N. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Effect of medium components and growth conditions on astaxanthin production by Haematococcus pluvialis. Book of Abstracts: International Marine Biotechnology Conference. Zizhou, N. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. The flocculation performance of Haematococcus pluvialis is mediated by a resistant extracellular polysaccharide. Book of Abstracts: International Marine Biotechnology Conference. THESES AND DISSERTATIONS PASSED FOR HIGHER DEGREES Accolla, C. 2006. Modelling the hydrocracking of Fischer-Tropsch wax: 1-116. Master of Science in Engineering. Ajayi, O. 2006. Prediction of the hydrodynamics in stirred tank reactors. Master of Science in Engineering. Erasmus, W.J. 2006. Synthesis of cobalt crystallites with a defined crystal size distribution using ultrasnication: 1-88. Master of Science in Applied Science. Fernsby, A.M. 2006. Shape Selective methylation of meta-cresol: 1-231. Master of Science in Engineering. Garcin, C.J. 2006. Investigation into the bioremediation and beneficiation of olive-derived wastewaters from the Western Cape: 165. Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering. Germanis, P. 2006. An investigation into the production of Polyphenol Antioxidants from Grape Marc: 1-146. Master of Science in Engineering. Gopal, H. 2006. Evaluation of three carbon sources for the biological treatment of acid mine drainage through process modelling: 1-224. MSc Chemical Engineering. Govender, N.S. 2006. Investigation on the effect of recycle of the Fischer Tropsch synthesis. Master of Science in Applied Science: 1-146. Hatfield, D.P. 2006. The use of a machine vision system in PGM flotation: 177. Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering. Krige, A.R. 2006. A CFD analysis of reactive crystallisation in stirred tanks - a focus on metal hydroxides: 1-187. MSc in Engineering. Mabaso, E.C. 2005. Froth stability restoration: 1-163. DPhil. Mabaso, E.I. 2006. Nano-sized iron crystallites for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: 93. Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering. Maidza, T. 2006. Development of a rapid laboratory predictive method using fluidised bed techniques for the determination of oxidisability of residual Cr (lll) present in slags: 1-64. Master of Science in Applied Science. Makhongela, H.S. 2006. Characterisation of a thermostable omidase and development of a bioreactor process for lactic acid production: 128. MSc Chemical Engineering. Malherbe, J.A. 2006. The effect of catalyst conditioning on the mechanical integrity & synthesis performance of an iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst: 1-210. Master of Science in Engineering. Maluleke, J. 2006. Empirical confirmation of theoretical predications of leachate generation potential of wastes from benericiation of copper sulphate ore: 1-156. Master of Science in Engineering. Mausse, F. 2006. Population balance modelling in nickel reduction systems: 1-123. Master of Science in Engineering. Modutwane, A.T. 2006. The effect of crystallinity on activity and selectivity of ZSM5: 1-118. MSc Chemical Engineering. Ntshabele, J.P. 2006. Acid catalyzed alkylation of diphenyl ether with methanol over shape-selective zeolites: 1-185. MSc Chemical Engineering. Oborien, B.O. 2006. Solubilisation and depolymerisation of low rank coal by filamentous fungi: 1-167. Master of Science in Engineering. Ochieng, A. 2006. A hydrodynamic study of nickel suspension in stirred tanks: 1-189. Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering. Ogbonna, N. 2006. Mathematical modelling of agglomerate scale phenomena in heap bioleaching: 137. MSc Chemical Engineering. Pickering, M. 2006. Studies on growth and filtration of the antagonistic biocontrol yeast cryptococcus albidus: 174. MSc Chemical Engineering. Raja, S.B. 2006. The effect of particulate-induced hydro dynamic stress on the bioleaching of chalcopyrite by a sulfolobus-like culture: 256. Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering. Reddick, J. 2006. Cleaner production in coal mining and processing: 1-143. Master of Science in Engineering. Stevenson, R.A. 2006. Analysis of particle suspension and mixing in biological systems: an application of tomography: 1-310. Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering. Sumani, O.L. 2006. Production of mid chain branched detergent-range olefins over shape-selective acid catalysts: 1-100. Master of Science in Applied Science. Swartbooi, A.M. 2006. Precipitation of nickel and cobalt as sulphides using hydrogen sulphide: 1-80. MSc in Engineering. Viljoen, E.L. 2006. The influence of molybdenum and vanadium on the activity and selectivity of a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst: 1-238. Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Eng. Werner, C.M. 2006. An investigation into the bioremediation of black olive brine wastewater: 113. MSc Chemical Engineering. UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS AND WORKS OF A POPULAR NATURE Case, J.M. 2006. Enhancing teaching in higher education: New approaches for improving student learning. Studies in Higher Education, 31(4): 511-521. Sheridan, C., Nissing, J., Harding, K.G., Karreman, R.J., Van hille, R.P., Ncanana, S.W. and Harrison, S.T.L. 2006. Enery in South Africa: the potential for bio-resources. Chemical Technology: 10-17. EXTENSION AND DEVELOPMENT WORK Böhringer, W.F.W. and Fletcher, J.C.Q. 2006. ST 116/01 - 04 Para-ethylphenol Synthesis. Merisol (Pty) Ltd. Broadhurst, J.L. and Maidza, T. 2006. Analytical methods for the determination of chromium in the environment. International chromium development association. Case, J.M. 2006. Issues facing the engineering profession and engineering education in South Africa: A briefing paper to inform further research. Human Sciences Research Council. Case, J.M. 2006. No time to think, no life, no problem? Insights from a decade of research on student learning in Chemical Engineering. South African Chemical Engineering Congress. Claeys, M.C., Dry, M.E., Van Steen, E.W.J., Botes, G., Bromfield, T. and Crous, R. 2006. Report on HTFT (263/99 ST). Sasol. Claeys, M.C., Dry, M.E., Van Steen, E.W.J., Van berge, P., Van de Loosdrecht, J. and Viljoen, E. 2006. Reports 22-25 on cobalt-based FT (023/05 ST). Sasol. Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. Background briefing paper for the national sustainable development strategy: solid waste. Dept of Environment Affairs & Tourism. Von Blottnitz, H. 2006. Towards a critical mass for LCA application in sustainable consumption and production in Africa. NBEP Headquaters, Nairobi, Kenya. 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