English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar



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A.Wallwork - English for Research Usage, Style, and Grammar - 2013
Sinterklaas (i.e. Santa
Claus) on December 5.
Sinterklaas arrives simultaneously at every city or village in the Netherlands. This is explained byway of the so-called “hulp-
Sinterklazen” (people who help Sinterklaas by dressing up like him.
… Sinterklaas manages to arrive simultaneously at every city or village with the aid of helpers
who dress up
like him . The Dutch celebrate Father
Christmas on December 5. He arrives simultaneously at every city or village in the Netherlands. This is explained byway of the so-called “ help Father
Christmas ”. Father Christmas is not celebrated. Help father Christmas is meaningless in English.
2 The energy plan was approved by the Regione
Toscana (i.e. the regional
administration in
Tuscany) and was then … The energy plan was approved by the regional
administration
in Tuscany and was then … The energy plan was approved by the Tuscany
Region and was then … Tuscany Region is meaningless in English.


142
15.13
always use the same keywords repetition of words is
not a problem
1. Never invent synonyms for keywords. The reader may think that each term has a different meaning.
2. When you refer back to a keyword used earlier and there are many words between the keyword and what you are writing now, it is better to repeat that keyword rather than using a generic form (e.g. hydrogen …
hydrogen , rather than hydrogen … this gas ). If you just use the generic term (e.g. this gas ) or a pronoun ( it ), the reader maybe forced tore- read the paragraph to understand what subject you are referring to.
3. It is not considered bad style to repeat the same preposition. Prepositions are not generally interchangeable and therefore only the correct preposition should be used.
4. It is perfectly acceptable to use synonyms for non-key words such as verbs (e.g. carry outperform i ), adjectives (e.g. important, crucial ) and adverbs (e.g. often, frequently ).

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