English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar



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A.Wallwork - English for Research Usage, Style, and Grammar - 2013
21st century will witness the end of many minerals.
Twenty- first century / st century will witness the end of many minerals.
2 From the 15th to the mid 16th
century , important changes were made to the techniques used in Chinese painting. From 15th to mid 16th century , important changes were made to the techniques used in Chinese painting.
21.10 once, twice versus one time, two times
1.
O nce = onetime, twice = two times. once and twice are more commonly found than one time and two times – avoid mixing the two forms in the same phrase. thrice (three times) is archaic and should not be used.
2.
O nce and twice cannot be used after expressions such as a minimum /
maximum of.
YES
NO
1 The tests should be repeated at least two or three times . The tests should be repeated at least
twice or three times .
2 The test should repeated ab minimum of two times
. The test should repeated ab minimum of

twice .


188
21.11
ordinal numbers, abbreviations and Roman numerals
There are three forms of writing ordinal numbers:
Form (A) word e.g. first, second, third, fourth. Form (B) abbreviation e.g. 1st, 2nd, rd, 4th. Form (C) Roman numeral e.g. I, II, III, IV.
1. Use Form A within the main text of a manuscript.
2. Use Form B with centuries, millenniums, dynasties etc.
3. Form B can also be used (e.g. July 4th) but usage with the cardinal form is equally acceptable and avoids possible errors with - st, -rd, and -th.
4. Some conference names use Form A, others Form Band others Form C – there appears to be no rationale for deciding which form to use. Note do not mix the forms (e.g. IIIrd ).
5. Use Form C with the names of people.
6. Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) are used much more frequently than Roman numerals (III, III) for section numbering in papers.

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