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11.7 by versus thus + gerund to avoid ambiguity 1. Use the gerund at the beginning of the sentence when it is the subject of the main verb.
2. When something else is the subject of the main verb, then the gerund must be preceded with
by or replaced with an
if clause.
3. Use
thus plus the gerund to indicate the consequence of doing something.
4. Using
by instead of
thus ,
and vice versa, can completely change the meaning of the sentence.
YES NO 1
Learning English will help you to pass the exam.
2
By learning English
you will pass the exam.
Learning English
you will pass the exam.
= If you learn English you will pass the exam.
2
By clicking on the mouse you can open the window
Clicking on the mouse you can open the window.
= If you click …
3
We learn English thus enabling us to communicate with our international colleagues. We learn English
enabling us to communicate with our international colleagues.
= We learn English and thus we can communicate …
= We learn English and this means we can communicate …
3 The introduction of the
euro led to arise in prices thus causing inflation. The introduction of the euro led to arise in prices
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