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11.9 replacing an ambiguous gerund with that or which , orb bwith a rearranged phrase 1. The gerund can be ambiguous when the reader is not sure whether you are using it in a restrictive or nonrestrictive sense (
7.2
); use
that or
which to clarify.
2. In some cases the best solution is to rearrange the sentence.
AMBIGUOUS NOT AMBIGUOUS NOT AMBIGUOUS 1
Phenolic resin components (PRCs)
occurring on the surfaces of plant organs
have been frequently used, particularly in medicines.
Phenolic resin components (PRCs)
that occur on the surfaces of plant organs have been frequently used, particularly in medicines.
Phenolic resin components (PRCs),
which occur on the surfaces of plant organs, have been frequently used, particularly in medicines. Does this mean all or just some PRCs? Not all PRCs occur on plant organs
All PRCs occur on plant organs, this is just additional information
2 A horizontal force is applied to one cylinder at a constant rate
measuring the corresponding displacement. A horizontal force is applied to one cylinder at a constant rate.
This rate measures the corresponding displacement. A horizontal force is applied to one cylinder at a constant rate.
This force is then used to measure the corresponding displacement.
11.10 verbs that express purpose or appearance + infinitive 1. Verbs that express purpose / objective
afford ,
attempt ,
choose ,
compel ,
convince, decide, encourage, force, hope, intend, invite, learn, manage, neglect, oblige, offer, order, plan, persuade, prefer, promise, propose, refuse, remember, study, teach, try, want, warn, wish, would like. 2.
Verbs that express appearance : appear, seem. Share with your friends: 
