English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar



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A.Wallwork - English for Research Usage, Style, and Grammar - 2013
MUST
HAVE TO, NEED
1,2 Helmets must be worn on the building site at all times. You have to wear a helmet on the building site at all times.
1,2 The form must be filled out and signed by the applicant. I think web have to
fill out the form and then sign it. Please ensure that the form is filled out by the applicant.
3,4 Authors must not copy the text of other authors. As a PhD. student, I have to write a dissertation in my third year. However, I
don’t have to write it in English – I also have the option of writing it in my own language.
5 This area needs further investigation.
6 Web dont need to
do it tomorrow, we can do it next week if you want.
= Web dont have to
do it tomorrow, we can do it next week if you want.


92
12.7
past obligation should have + past participle, had to,
was supposed to
1.
Must has no past form. When you refer to a past obligation that was fulfilled (i.e. you did what you were obliged to douse had to, didn’t
have to.
2.
Was / were supposed to is used to refer to something that you were obliged to do in order to comply with some authority, but in reality did not do.
3.
Should have + past participle is used to refer to something that you did not do, but it would have been better if you had done it.
4.
Was going to is used to refer to what you were planning to do but did not dob YES
NO
1 Web had to perform six experiments to ensure repeatability. Web mustedb perform six experiments to ensure repeatability.
2 The manuscript was supposed to
have been completed last week, but unfortunately they are still working on it. The manuscript had to be
completed last week, but unfortunately they are still working on it.
3 Web should have sent the Abstract to the conference, then we could have presented our research. Now we can only go and watch. Web had to send the Abstract to the conference, then we could have presented our research. Now we can only go and watch.
4 I was going to send my Abstract to the conference organizers, but I forgot. I had to send my Abstract to the conference organizers, but I forgot.


93

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