Ensuring quality mobile handsets in satrc countries
International Standardization Scenario
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- 5.GSM Association (GSMA) 2
- 7.Equipment Identity Register (EIR) 4
4.International Standardization ScenarioIn developed countries, market is becoming more liberalized. Administrative burden is being reduced to foster telecommunication industries. Moreover, adoption of international standards is an obligation under WTO’s Code of Practice requiring elimination of technical barriers to international trade. However, in-country testing is an obligation in the USA, India, Nigeria, Taiwan, etc. Generally tests are carried out for SAR, EMC and Electrical Safety. In European Union country, type approval for radio equipment and telecommunication terminal equipment is not required. Manufacturers may self-certify against the relevant Harmonized Standard, and make an EU Declaration of Conformity. Excerpt from “INTEROPERABILITY PROBLEMS IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES” “Within the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity Standardization Programme (ASTAP), the Industry Relations Group (IRG) subsequently developed a questionnaire on type-approval and conformity assessment. Between June 2006 and February 2007 in which responses were obtained from 21 companies and 4 regulators, in Afghanistan, Australia, Iran, Japan, Macau SAR, Papua New Guinea, Singapore and Thailand. This identified issues in terms of:
The survey identified actions to improve type approval process, including the recognition of certified test reports from other countries by Australia and Singapore, and limiting standards in technical regulations to international standards, avoiding national variations. An Asia-Pacific regional compliance mark was proposed, one that would be accepted by all national authorities, without further testing or documentation. The IRG called for national authorities to accept accredited test reports from other countries in order to reduce costs and time delays in type approval.” Hence, to solve the problem pertaining interoperability, regional harmonization is the only solution. 5.GSM Association (GSMA) 2The GSM Association is an internationally active body, with offices in Dublin and London, for the coordination of mobile telecommunications systems. It was founded in Copenhagen in 1987, and it is responsible for the development and application of the GSM standards.. Spanning more than 220 countries, the GSMA unites nearly 800 of the world’s mobile operators, as well as more than 200 companies in the broader mobile ecosystem, including handset makers, software companies, equipment providers, Internet companies, and media and entertainment organizations. The GSMA also produces industry-leading events such as the Mobile World Congress and Mobile Asia Expo. 6.International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) and Electronic Serial Number (ESN) of Mobile handsets3The IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) is a unique 17 or 15 digit code used to identify an individual mobile station to a GSM or UMTS network. The IMEI number provides an important function; it uniquely identifies a specific mobile phone being used on a mobile network. The IMEI is a useful tool to prevent a stolen handset from accessing a network and being used to place calls. Mobile phone owners who have their phones stolen can contact their mobile network provider and ask them disable a phone using its IMEI number. With an IMEI number, the phone can be blocked from the network quickly and easily. It is important to note that swapping a SIM card will not stop a phone from being banned. IMEI numbers are stored in the phones themselves, not on the SIM cards. An IMEI is only used to identify the device and does not relate to a specific individual or organization. Other numbers such as the ESN (Electronic Serial Numbers) and MEID (Mobile Equipment Identifiers) can link an individual to a phone. Usually, an IMSI number stored on a SIM card can identify the subscriber on a network. MEI numbers either come in a 17 digit or 15 digit sequences of numbers. The IMEI format currently utilized is AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCC-D:
7.Equipment Identity Register (EIR)4:If a mobile handset is lost or stolen, the owner of the device can contact the Equipment Identity Register (EIR) which will blacklist the device in all currently operating switches. This makes the lost or stolen handset unusable. The action of blacklisting stolen mobile handsets is seen as a deterrent to crime. It is possible, however, to change an IMEI/ESN with special tools and there are certain mobile networks that do not automatically blacklist handsets registered with the EIR. The equipment identity register (EIR) database contains information on the identity of mobile equipment to prevent calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile stations. Current statistics state that approximately ten percent of IMEI’s in use today are not unique or have been reprogrammed (hacked). The network operators maintain three lists of IMEI/ESN in their equipment identity register (EIR):
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