VI.background A.FCC Regulations Limiting Airborne Mobile Use

VI.background

A.FCC Regulations Limiting Airborne Mobile Use

VIII.Part 22 of the Commission’s rules prohibits the airborne use of 800 MHz cellular telephones, including the use of such phones on commercial and private aircraft.³ This prohibition was adopted in 1991 to guard against the threat of harmful interference from airborne use of cellular phones to terrestrial cellular networks.⁴ The Commission’s prohibition was not to ensure interference-free operation of avionics equipment. When the prohibition was adopted, the Commission noted that a cellular telephone used onboard an airborne aircraft would have greater range than a land-based handset, and its signal would be received by multiple terrestrial cell sites in a given market, causing harmful interference.⁵ Moreover, the Commission found that because a cellular telephone can transmit on all assigned 800 MHz cellular frequencies, a single handset could interfere with cellular systems in multiple cellular market areas simultaneously.⁶ Thus, the Commission concluded that “the need for noninterference in all cellular transmissions outweighs the benefits that would be realized by allowing the public to use cellular service in airborne aircraft.”⁷

IX.Similarly, the Part 90 rules restrict the use of SMR handsets while airborne in certain circumstances.⁸ The altitude restriction in section 90.423 prohibits operations on aircraft that are regularly flown at altitudes at one mile or above and, consequently, essentially bans Part 90 land mobile radio use on commercial airline flights.⁹ These rules were enacted to prevent harmful interference with land-based operations by the use of land mobile frequencies aboard high-flying aircraft, especially aircraft operated by scheduled passenger airlines.¹⁰ The rules governing all other commercial mobile spectrum bands are silent with regard to airborne operations.

A.2004 Airborne Mobile NPRM

XI.Notably, the Airborne Mobile NPRM proposed to require onboard use of picocells to prevent harmful interference to terrestrial mobile networks.¹⁴ Under this proposal, airborne picocells would have been used to manage the power levels of mobile handsets onboard aircraft to ensure that they operated at or near their minimum power levels.¹⁵ The Airborne Mobile NPRM also sought comment on whether this proposal should be applied to only the 800 MHz cellular spectrum covered by the current Part 22 rule, or whether the picocell requirement should be expanded to include handsets and devices operating on spectrum bands under Part 24, 27, or 90.¹⁶

XII.The Commission received more than 8,000 submissions in the docket.¹⁷ However, few of the commenters provided requested technical analyses. Citing the insufficiency of the technical record and finding that it would be premature to decide the issues presented in the Airborne Mobile NPRM without additional information, the Commission terminated the proceeding on March 28, 2007.¹⁸ The Commission, however, left open the possibility of revisiting the issues raised in this proceeding, should new technical information become available.¹⁹

A.International Developments

XIV.Most notably, in 2008, the European Commission (EC) mandated that EU member countries allocate the 1800 MHz band, which utilizes Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)²¹ technology, above 3,000 meters for mobile communications onboard aircraft (MCA).²² The EC issued its Decision following a Report²³ and a Decision²⁴ from the Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the EU’s European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT).²⁵ CEPT MCA Report 16 found that operating an Airborne Access System-based mobile communications system above 3,000 meters above ground level²⁶ prevents harmful interference to ground-based mobile networks (in all studied bands²⁷ in which the onboard mobile terminals would be capable of transmitting).²⁸

XV.Pursuant to the EC Decision, the communications administrations of all twenty-seven EU member states subsequently created licensing mechanisms for airborne mobile services in their individual jurisdictions.²⁹ On November 14, 2013, the EC issued a new decision modifying the existing EC Decision in order to allow for additional frequency ranges and technologies, such as UMTS and LTE, to be used in aircraft.³⁰ Prior to this Decision, CEPT issued a Report on the technical aspects of adding these new frequencies and technologies.³¹

XVI.Outside of the United States, two third-party providers, OnAir and AeroMobile Communications Ltd. (AeroMobile), currently offer mobile communications services on airborne aircraft.³² OnAir provides such third-party services to airlines including British Airways, Emirates, and Royal Jordanian,³³ while AeroMobile provides such third-party services to airlines including Emirates, SAS, and Virgin Atlantic.³⁴ According to OnAir, approximately eighty countries across Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, Asia Pacific, North America, and Latin America have authorized the use of its service.³⁵ As of May 2012, at least one foreign air carrier, Virgin Atlantic, has installed and is operating a system to provide mobile communications services on some aircraft on transatlantic flights from the United Kingdom to the United States.³⁶

XVII.We are not aware of any reported cases of harmful interference to terrestrial systems stemming from the use of Airborne Access Systems since airlines began offering mobile communications services on airborne aircraft. In response to an FAA inquiry regarding the use of PEDs during flight,³⁷ Panasonic stated that since deployment of the eXPhone system³⁸ – a system for providing mobile communications services on aircraft – there has been no harmful interference to aircraft systems or terrestrial networks, nor have there been any system failures.³⁹ In comments filed by AeroMobile in the same proceeding, AeroMobile stated that it has operated its Airborne Access Systems since 2008 “without any reported instances of harmful interference to avionics or other aircraft systems, or to terrestrial mobile networks.”⁴⁰