For foreign first-year students for autumn term Module Methodical elaboration for practice class on human anatomy for foreign first-year students for autumn term

The squamosal suture arches backward from the pterion and connects the temporal squama with the lower border of the parietal: this suture is continuous behind with the short, nearly horizontal parietomastoid suture, which unites the mastoid process of the temporal with the region of the mastoid angle of the parietal. Extending from above downward and forward across the cranium are the coronal and lambdoidal sutures; the former connects the parietals with the frontal, the latter, the parietals with the occipital. The lambdoidal suture is continuous below with the occipitomastoid suture between the occipital and the mastoid portion of the temporal. In or near the last suture is the mastoid foramen, for the transmission of an emissary vein. The point of meeting of the parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, and lambdoidal sutures is known as the asterion. Immediately above the orbital margin is the superciliary arch, and, at a higher level, the frontal eminence. Near the center of the parietal bone is the parietal eminence. Posteriorly is the external occipital protuberance, from which the superior nuchal line may be followed forward to the mastoid process. Arching across the side of the cranium are the temporal lines, which mark the upper limit of the temporal fossa.

a) interrogation of the students on the home task;

b) study of samples (topic according to the plan);

c) fill in the protocol of current lesson;

d) checking and signing the protocols by teacher.
8. Forms and methods of the self-checking.

Questions:

10. Sources of the information: Human anatomy

11. The program of self-preparation of students:

1. To learn the appropriate sections under the textbook

2. To consider preparations and to study them according to the plan of practical class.

3. To fill in the report of practical class.

4. To be able to show on a preparation of the Infratemporal Fossa, the Pterygopalatine Fossa and the Temporal Fossa.
Methodical elaboration for practice class on human anatomy

for foreign first-year students for autumn term

1. The topic: The Nasal Cavity. The Orbits. The hard palate.

2. The place: classroom of the department of human anatomy.

3. The aim: to know the structure of the heart

4. The professional orientation of students: The knowledge of this topic are necessary for doctors of all specialities, it represents special interest for therapists.

5. The basic of knowledge:

6. The plan of the practice class:

A. Checking of the home task: interrogation or the test control – 30 min

B. Summary lecture on the topic by teacher – 20 min

а) T The Nasal Cavity;

b) The Orbits;

c) The hard palate.

C. Self-taught class– 100 min

Working plan:

The bulla ethmoidalis is caused by the bulging of the middle ethmoidal cells which open on or immediately above it, and the size of the bulla varies with that of its contained cells.

The hiatus semilunaris is bounded inferiorly by the sharp concave margin of the uncinate process of the ethmoid bone, and leads into a curved channel, the infundibulum, bounded above by the bulla ethmoidalis and below by the lateral surface of the uncinate process of the ethmoid. The anterior ethmoidal cells open into the front part of the infundibulum, and this in slightly over 50 per cent. of subjects is directly continuous with the frontonasal duct or passage leading from the frontal air sinus; but when the anterior end of the uncinate process fuses with the front part of the bulla, this continuity is interrupted and the frontonasal duct then opens directly into the anterior end of the middle meatus.

Below the bulla ethmoidalis, and partly hidden by the inferior end of the uncinate process, is the ostium maxillare, or opening from the maxillary sinus; in a frontal section this opening is seen to be placed near the roof of the sinus. An accessory opening from the sinus is frequently present below the posterior end of the middle nasal concha. The inferior meatus is below and lateral to the inferior nasal concha; the nasolacrimal duct opens into this meatus under cover of the anterior part of the inferior concha.

The roof is concave, directed downward, and slightly forward, and formed in front by the orbital plate of the frontal; behind by the small wing of the sphenoid. It presents medially the trochlear fovea for the attachment of the cartilaginous pulley of the Obliquus oculi superior; laterally, the lacrimal fossa for the lacrimal gland; and posteriorly, the suture between the frontal bone and the small wing of the sphenoid.

The floor is directed upward and lateralward, and is of less extent than the roof; it is formed chiefly by the orbital surface of the maxilla; in front and laterally, by the orbital process of the zygomatic bone, and behind and medially, to a small extent, by the orbital process of the palatine. At its medial angle is the upper opening of the nasolacrimal canal, immediately to the lateral side of which is a depression for the origin of the Obliquus oculi inferior. On its lateral part is the suture between the maxilla and zygomatic bone, and at its posterior part that between the maxilla and the orbital process of the palatine. Running forward near the middle of the floor is the infraorbital groove, ending in front in the infraorbital canal and transmitting the infraorbital nerve and vessels.

The medial wall is nearly vertical, and is formed from before backward by the frontal process of the maxilla, the lacrimal, the lamina papyracea of the ethmoid, and a small part of the body of the sphenoid in front of the optic foramen. Sometimes the sphenoidal concha forms a small part of this wall. It exhibits three vertical sutures, viz., the lacrimomaxillary, lacrimoethmoidal, and sphenoethmoidal. In front is seen the lacrimal groove, which lodges the lacrimal sac, and behind the groove is the posterior lacrimal crest, from which the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi arises. At the junction of the medial wall and the roof are the frontomaxillary, frontolacrimal, frontoethmoidal, and sphenofrontal sutures. In the frontoethmoidal suture are the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina, the former transmitting the nasociliary nerve and anterior ethmoidal vessels, the latter the posterior ethmoidal nerve and vessels.

The lateral wall, directed medialward and forward, is formed by the orbital process of the zygomatic and the orbital surface of the great wing of the sphenoid; these are united by the sphenozygomatic suture which terminates below at the front end of the inferior orbital fissure. Between the roof and the lateral wall, near the apex of the orbit, is the superior orbital fissure. Through this fissure the oculomotor, the trochlear, the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal, and the abducent nerves enter the orbital cavity, also some filaments from the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic and the orbital branches of the middle meningeal artery. Passing backward through the fissure are the ophthalmic vein and the recurrent branch from the lacrimal artery to the dura mater. The lateral wall and the floor are separated posteriorly by the inferior orbital fissure which transmits the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, the infraorbital vessels, and the ascending branches from the sphenopalatine ganglion.

The base of the orbit, quadrilateral in shape, is formed above by the supraorbital arch of the frontal bone, in which is the supraorbital notch or foramen for the passage of the supraorbital vessels and nerve; below by the zygomatic bone and maxilla, united by the zygomaticomaxillary suture; laterally by the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the frontal joined by the zygomaticofrontal suture; medially by the frontal bone and the frontal process of the maxilla united by the frontomaxillary suture.

The apex, situated at the back of the orbit, corresponds to the optic foramen a short, cylindrical canal, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.

It will thus be seen that there are nine openings communicating with each orbit, viz., the optic foramen, superior and inferior orbital fissures, supraorbital foramen, infraorbital canal, anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina, zygomatic foramen, and the canal for the nasolacrimal duct.

a) interrogation of the students on the home task;

b) study of samples (topic according to the plan);

c) fill in the protocol of current lesson;

d) checking and signing the protocols by teacher.
8. Forms and methods of the self-checking.

Questions:

10. Sources of the information: Human anatomy

11. The program of self-preparation of students:

1. To learn the appropriate sections under the textbook

2. To consider preparations and to study them according to the plan of practical class.

3. To fill in the report of practical class.

4. To be able to show on a preparation of the Infratemporal Fossa, the Pterygopalatine Fossa and the Temporal Fossa.
Methodical elaboration for practice class on human anatomy

for foreign first-year students for autumn term

1. The topic: The Infratemporal Fossa, the Pterygopalatine Fossa and the Temporal Fossa.

2. The place: classroom of the department of human anatomy.

3. The aim: to know the structure of the heart

4. The professional orientation of students: The knowledge of this topic are necessary for doctors of all specialities, it represents special interest for therapists.

5. The basic of knowledge:

6. The plan of the practice class:

A. Checking of the home task: interrogation or the test control – 30 min

B. Summary lecture on the topic by teacher – 20 min

а) The Infratemporal Fossa;

b) The Pterygopalatine Fossa;

c) The Temporal Fossa;

C. Self-taught class– 100 min

Working plan:

The inferior orbital fissure (fissura orbitalis inferior; sphenomaxillary fissure), horizontal in direction, opens into the lateral and back part of the orbit. It is bounded above by the lower border of the orbital surface of the great wing of the sphenoid; below, by the lateral border of the orbital surface of the maxilla and the orbital process of the palatine bone; laterally, by a small part of the zygomatic bone: medially, it joins at right angles with the pterygomaxillary fissure. Through the inferior orbital fissure the orbit communicates with the temporal, infratemporal, and pterygopalatine fossæ; the fissure transmits the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, the infraorbital vessels, the ascending branches from the sphenopalatine ganglion, and a vein which connects the inferior ophthalmic vein with the pterygoid venous plexus.

The zygomatic arch is formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal and the temporal process of the zygomatic, the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible. The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots, an anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle, and a posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest. The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter.

Below the posterior root of the zygomatic arch is the elliptical orifice of the external acoustic meatus, bounded in front, below, and behind by the tympanic part of the temporal bone; to its outer margin the cartilaginous segment of the external acoustic meatus is attached. The small triangular area between the posterior root of the zygomatic arch and the postero-superior part of the orifice is termed the suprameatal triangle, on the anterior border of which a small spinous process, the suprameatal spine, is sometimes seen. Between the tympanic part and the articular tubercle is the mandibular fossa, divided into two parts by the petrotympanic fissure. The anterior and larger part of the fossa articulates with the condyle of the mandible and is limited behind by the external acoustic meatus: the posterior part sometimes lodges a portion of the parotid gland. The styloid process extends downward and forward for a variable distance from the lower part of the tympanic part, and gives attachment to the Styloglossus, Stylohyoideus, and Stylopharyngeus, and to the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments. Projecting downward behind the external acoustic meatus is the mastoid process, to the outer surface of which the Sternocleidomastoideus, Splenius capitis, and Longissimus capitis are attached.
7. Methodic of class work:

a) interrogation of the students on the home task;

b) study of samples (topic according to the plan);

c) fill in the protocol of current lesson;

d) checking and signing the protocols by teacher.
8. Forms and methods of the self-checking.

Questions:

10. Sources of the information: Human anatomy

11. The program of self-preparation of students:

1. To learn the appropriate sections under the textbook

2. To consider preparations and to study them according to the plan of practical class.

3. To fill in the report of practical class.

4. To be able to show on a preparation of the Infratemporal Fossa, the Pterygopalatine Fossa and the Temporal Fossa.

Methodical elaboration for practice class on human anatomy

for foreign first-year students
1. The topic: Articulation of the Mandible, Costovertebral Articulations, Sternocostal Articulations

2. The place: classroom of the department of human anatomy.

3. The aim: to know the topography and structure of the articulation of the Mandible, Costovertebral Articulations and Sternocostal Articulations.

4. The professional orientation of students: The knowledge of this topic are necessary for doctors of all specialities, it represents special interest for therapists.

5. The basic of knowledge:

6. The plan of the practice class:

A. Checking of the home task: interrogation or the test control – 30 min

B. Summary lecture on the topic by teacher – 20 min

а) Articulation of the Mandibule;

b) Costovertebral Articulations;

c) Sternocostal Articulations

C. Self-taught class– 100 min

Working plan:

Articulation of the Mandible

(Articulatio Mandibularis; Temporomandibular Articulation)

This is a ginglymo-arthrodial joint; the parts entering into its formation on either side are: the anterior part of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the articular tubercle above; and the condyle of the mandible below. The ligaments of the joint are the following:

The Sphenomandibular.

The Temporomandibular.

The Articular Disk.