Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method By : Ahmed Samy El-bahrawy

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Conclusion
In sum, Bacon made separation from the past the most important condition for liberating scientific discovery and wanted to purify knowledge from sterile arguments and false discussions that harmed it, especially from the legacy of Aristotle and Plato. It makes knowledge the highest profession of man. Knowledge gives moral and political value, inspires useful doubts, and makes appearances grow. Compare Bacon, prior to Descartes, knowledge of the tree whose philosophy would be the trunk. He also saw that the natural sciences are divided into physics and metaphysics. The latter defines metaphysics in anew way it studies the common principles or axioms on which the different sciences in turn depend. On the other hand, Bacon believes in knowledge through experience and makes experience a wonderful way to learn. The aim is, first and foremost, to prepare a man an inventory of all he knows by observation, taking care of isolated experiences, which will come by chance, or which will have only immediate benefit. It is desirable to distinguish experiments that "draw the conclusion" and

allow the invention of new ones. Bacon also distinguishes between induction and experimentation. In ordinary induction we pass from observation to the last, more general principles, while, in empirical induction, we must advance step by step, by step by step, not toward general ideas, but toward principles which allow thought to take hold of the nature of things. On the other hand, experience must also correct the inevitable error caused by the senses, but for this it must be purified beforehand. In this context, Bacon criticized illusions and rejected the misconceptions that are taught and supported, and he calls these ideas "illusions" or idols. If the first illusions are rooted in the nature of man, and man first and foremost imagines his desires and not according to the rules of the universe, and if the second idols come from the cave - which is the symbolic place for
Plato's conjecture - and it is overwhelmed by error and darkness, and if the third illusions originate from the public arena, then the fourth illusions descend From the theater it is dedicated by the veneration accomplished to the works of the past fables, and imaginary stories, flourishing on a few fragmentary notes. The paucity of data as well as the tendency to develop philosophically rapidly, to blend theology with it, to create sophistry, naive empiricism and superstition. On this basis, Bacon rejects Aristotelian empiricism, which seeks to know

the causes that control the phenomena of nature. In this sense, Bacon is not only concerned with the causes of phenomena, as he criticizes all causation and departs from the Aristotelian theory of the four causes, and from the questions it asks, which areas follows "What is this phenomenon" "," What is its shape What is the effective cause of it "," For what purpose do you speak ". Bacon also rejects the idea of final causation, asserts that formal causation is useless, and goes so far as to consider the search for the material cause and the effective cause, and says that there is no point in delving into them. Bacon rejected Aristotle's complete explanatory scheme and held that there was still only a simple nature under examination and recommended that the true method be followed in order to form a single, general survey of the methods of imparting empirical knowledge.

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References

1. Philosophy of Francis Bacon, Dr. Habib Al-Sharouni.
2. History of Modern Philosophy, Youssef Karam.
3. Francis Bacon, Philosopher of the Empirical Method,
Kamel Aweidah.
4. Novum Organum (1620), edition PUF, Paris, 1986
5. Essais de morale et de politique (1597 )