Fundamentals of geology I. (lithosphere) 1 1. The formation of the Earth 1

In this method, by making actual excavation through probing, boring, or test pits. Soil samples are taken from the strata of the rocks and soils. Then by performing field test or by performing laboratory test on the sample taken from the site, the GWT characteristics are determined. For many engineering projects it is very useful to take a sample of the soil, and to investigate its properties in the laboratory. The investigation may be a visual inspection (which indicates the type of materials: sand, clay or peat), a chemical analysis, or a mechanical test, such as a compression test or a triaxial test. A simple method to take a sample is to drive a tube into the ground, and then recovering the tube with the soil in it.

These type of methods provides boundaries between the strata of the different composition of the soil, by observing the changes in the electrical resistivity in the soil or the wave velocity of the soil, or may be in some electrical or magnetic field. These methods provide satisfaction of the visual inspection. Another advantage of these methods is that, they are suitable for best quality sampling, Both disturbed and undisturbed. They do have the capability of assessing difficulties of excavation.

3.7. Presentation

For more information on this chapter see the presentation below

Presentation

3.8. Self-checking tests

1 Introduce the goals, tasks and the connecting disciplines of engineering geology! 2 Explain the most important methods of rock mechanics and pedology!

4. 4. Traffic engineering

Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. Traffic engineering deals with the functional part of transportation system, except the infrastructures provided. Traffic engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods (transport). It is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and of industrial engineering. Transportation engineering is a major component of the civil engineering and mechanical engineering disciplines, according to specialization of academic courses and main competences of the involved territory. Transportation engineering, as practiced by civil engineers, primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water, and even space transportation. The design aspects of transport engineering include the sizing of transportation facilities (how many lanes or how much capacity the facility has), determining the materials and thickness used in pavement designing the geometry (vertical and horizontal alignment) of the roadway (or track).

In this chapter we will conclude engineering geological properties of road and railroad construction.

4.1. 4.1. Road construction

A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places, which has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads consist of one, or sometimes two, roadways each with one or more lanes and also any associated sidewalks and road verges. Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as public roads or highways. the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines a road as "a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their own wheels," which includes "bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not cycle paths (Picts. 4.1-4.4.)." Road structure cross section is composed of the following components: Sub base, Base course, Sub grade and Wearing course (Fig. 4.1.).