Generic computer vision methods General image segmentation methods

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Generic computer vision methods General image segmentation methods Clustering methods Compression-based methods Histogram-based methods Region-growing methods Split-and-merge methods Partial differential equation-based methods Graph partitioning methods Multi-scale segmentation Semi-automatic segmentation Trainable segmentation Segmentation benchmarking Accumulation/voting methods Hough transform Adaptive Hough Transform Hough transform of curves Cascaded Hough Transform Generalised Hough transform Hierarchical Hough Transform Maximum margin Hough transform Probabilistic Hough Transform Randomised Hough Transform Surface finding Tensor Voting Diffusion/PDE/Time based evolution methods Heat kernel -- see also scale-space which is based on linear diffusion and the Gaussian (heat) kernel Eigendecompositions Genetic algorithms/Genetic programming Graph Methods Graph representations Adjacency graph Association graph Attributed Graph Dynamic Feature Graph Graph embedding Hierarchical graph/Hypergraph representations Laplacian smoothing Median graph Optimal Basis Graphs Probabilistic graphical model, Probabilistic graph theory Graph matching Bayesian Graph Matching Bipartite matching Graph cuts Graph kernel methods Graph edit distance Maximal cliques in Association graphs Spectral decomposition methods Subgraph isomorphism problem Multidimensional scaling Image pyramids and scale reduction Adaptive Pyramids Gaussian pyramids Laplacian pyramids Level sets Level set trees Minimum description length Multiple Scales/Resolutions Multiple-scale analysis Multi-Scale Integration Fractals Ranklets Scale space Wavelets Noiselets Graph, networks and connectionist methods Bayesian networks Connectionist methods Gaussian processes methods Neural networks Probabilistic graphical models Expectation propagation Belief propagation Message passing Variational message passing Tree reweighted message passing Radial basis function networks Wavelet Networks Regularization Relaxation Continuous Discrete Probabilistic/Stochastic Linear programming relaxation Lagrangian relaxation Spatial indexing/hashing Subpixel Methods Super-resolution Certainty/uncertainty representations Bayesian networks Discrete (See Relaxation) Fuzzy logic Intervals Probabilities Vision paradigms Active vision Geometric vision (See Vision Geometry and Mathematics and Geometric Representation of Model Features) Purposive Vision Qualitative Vision Vision system design and characterization Propagation of uncertainty Performance testing in vision Receiver operating characteristic Geometric feature extraction methods Compressed image feature extraction Camera motion estimation Color Distributions/Descriptors Edge detection in compressed images Salient Points Texture descriptors from compressed images Connected-component labeling Corner and interest Point feature detectors The level curve curvature approach FAST: Features from the Accelerated Segment Test SIFT: Scale-Invariant Feature Transform David Lowe's method Forstner operator Haralick operator  Harris/Plessey Corner Finder Harris affine Harris laplace Histogram of oriented gradients Moravec operator Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) Shape context, Histogram of Shape Context (HoSC) SUSAN corner detector Wavelet-Based salient point detection Curve fitting/Local curvature estimation Circle fitting Curve smoothing Ellipse fitting Hyperbola fitting Edge detection and enhancement Adaptive edge detection Canny edge detector Color edge detectors Edge types Edge type labelling Energy function based edge detectors Evaluation of edge detectors Kadir–Brady saliency detector evaluation Hessian affine region detector evaluation Extended edge detection First derivative, Gradient edge detection High-pass filter edge enhancement Hueckel and other parametric fitting edge detectors Kirsch compass edge detector Marr–Hildreth, Laplacian of Gaussian, Zero crossing, Difference of Gaussians Moving edge detection Multi-dimension edge detection Multi-scale edge detectors Optimal edge detectors (see also Canny edge detector) Sobel operator Prewitt operator Range/Depth image edge detectors Roberts Cross edge detector Robinson edge detector Second derivative operators Laplace operator The Laplacian of Gaussian Difference of Gaussians Subpixel edge detection (See Subpixel methods) Walsh function Edge/line/Contour feature following, grouping, linking and tracking Pixel connectivity Contour tracking Dynamic programming Edge thresholding and linking Graph search Hough transform Hysteresis tracking Paired boundaries, Paired contours Edge relaxation Search trees Subjective/Illusory contours Stochastic completion fields Global structure extraction Ribbons Interest point detection Symmetry lines, Symmetry planes Feature histograms Histogram analysis Multi-dimensional feature histograms Pairwise histograms Image descriptors Differential invariant Visual descriptors MPEG-7 descriptors Color structure descriptor Edge histogram descriptor Color layout descriptor Line detection Image Ridges for Line Detection Feature mensuration Scene object size estimation Subpixel/Superresolution Methods (See Subpixel methods) Model-based feature detection/segmentation Mumford-Shah Functional Point or Pixel descriptions (See also Classification transforms) Bar, line points Blob/center-surround points Gabor filters Log-Gabor filters Gaussian derivatives and the notion of a visual front-end Receptive fields Semantic texton forests Steerable pyramids Primal sketch Blob and region detection Bayesian network methods Chroma keying Facet detection Maximally stable extremal regions Region boundary extraction Superpixels (wiktionary) Texture-based region detection Region detection methods Divide and conquer Region based, Model based segmentation Recursive splitting Implicit k-d tree Region growing Scale-space segmentation Split and merge Thresholding Watersheds of gradient magnitude Waterfall segmentation hierarchy Ridge and valley detection Hidden surface determination Skew analysis and estimation Spatial relationship detection Collinearity Coplanarity Intersection/Cotermination Relative orientation Special feature extraction Focus of expansion Ground plane Horizon detection Occluding contour detection Vanishing point Structure tensor Surface patches in volumes Optimal surface detection Zucker-Hummel surface detection operator Surface segmentation from 2 1/2D or 3D data (see also range segmentation) Curvature-based surface patch detection Cylinder/Tubular structure detection Planar facet/triangulation patch detection Marching cubes Marching tetrahedrons Surface fitting Planar surface models Surface clustering/grouping Reeb graph Surface discontinuity detection Curvature discontinuity detection Depth discontinuity detection Surface Orientation discontinuity detection Surface fitting/Region growing Cylinder patch extraction Range data based region extraction Quadric fitting Surface shape classification Surface shape parameter estimation Cylinder extraction Ellipsoid/Sphere Free-Form Surface Dual surface thin shell fitting Detection of 3D objects (Planes and cylinders) Quadric Torus Surface Triangulation Surface shape (Shape-from-X methods) Shape from Contours/Silhouettes Shape from defocus Shape from focus Shape from geometric constraints Shape from multimodal integration Shape from line drawings Monocular depth cues Structure from motion Shape from multiple sensors  Shape from perspective Shape from photo-consistency Shape from photometric Stereo Shape from polarization Shape from shadows Shape from specularities Shape from structure light Shape from texture Image texture Texture boundary detection Texture classification Color texture Fourier descriptors Hierarchical textures Shape texture/surface roughness characterization Structural/syntactic texture representations Statistical texture representations Co-occurrence matrix (texture)  Edge frequency Law's texture energy measures Filter-based descriptors Fractal analysis Hausdorff measure Local binary patterns Local ternary patterns Markov random fields Moments of intensity Run-length encoding Spatial frequency Texels Texon/Texel invariants and representations Texture gradients/Directions/Oriented patterns Wavelet-based texture descriptors Topological image description Visual routines, empirical feature detectors Volume detection Voxel-based morphometry Generalized cylinder detection Superquadric detection Wavelet moment invariants Daubechies wavelet   Geometry and mathematics Basic Representations Coordinate systems Cartesian coordinate system Cylindrical coordinate system Hexagonal coordinate system (see external links) Log-Polar coordinate system Polar coordinate system Spherical coordinate system Digital topology Dual space Homogeneous coordinates Pose/Rotation/Orientation Representations Axis-angle representation Clifford algebra Euler angles Exponential map Quaternion/Dual quaternion Rotation matrix Pitch/Yaw/Roll Distance metrics Affine distance Algebraic distance Bhattacharyya distance Chi-square test/metric Curse of dimensionality Earth mover's distance Euclidean distance Fuzzy intersection Hausdorff distance Jeffrey divergence Kullback–Leibler divergence Mahalanobis distance Manhattan/City block distance Minkowski distance Procrustes analysis Quadratic form Specific structural similarity Curve similarity Region similarity Volume similarity Elementary mathematics for Vision Coordinate systems/Vectors/Matrices/Derivatives/Gradients/Probability Derivatives in sampled images Mathematical optimization Golden section search Lagrange multipliers/Constraint optimization Multi-dimensional optimization Random optimization Global optimization Ant colony optimization Downhill simplex Genetic algorithms Graduated optimization  Markov random field optimization Particle swarm optimization Simulated annealing Optimization with derivatives Levenberg–Marquardt Gradient descent Quasi-Newton method Model selection Variational methods  Linear algebra for computer vision Eigenfunction Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Principal component and Related Approaches  Dimensionality reduction Linear discriminant analysis Factor analysis Fisher's linear discriminant Independent component analysis Kernel linear discriminant analysis  Kernel principal component analysis Locality preserving projections Non-negative matrix factorization Optimal dimension estimation Sufficient dimension reduction Principal component analysis/Karhunen–Loève theorem Principal geodesic analysis Probabilistic principal component analysis Rao–Blackwell theorem Sammon projection Singular value decomposition Structure tensor Multi-sensor/Multi-view geometries 3D reconstruction 3D shape from 2D projections 3D reconstruction from multiple images Slice-based reconstruction Projective reconstruction Baseline stereo Narrow baseline stereo Wide baseline stereo Binocular stereo algorithms Cooperative stereo algorithms Binocular disparity Subpixel disparity Dense stereo matching approaches Dynamic programming (stereo) Feature matching stereo algorithms Gradient matching stereo algorithms Image rectification Planar rectification Polar rectification Log-polar stereo Multiresolution analysis Panoramic image stereo algorithms Phase matching stereo algorithms Region matching stereo algorithms Weakly/Uncalibrated stereo approaches Spherical stereo Epipolar geometry/Multi-view geometry Absolute conic Absolute quadric Essential matrix Fundamental matrix Grassmannian space/Plücker embedding Homography tensor Transfer and novel view synthesis Trifocal tensor Image-based modeling and rendering Plenoptic modeling Image feature correspondence Active stereo Disparity gradient limit (feature correspondence) Epipolar constraint Feature contrast Feature orientation Grey-level similarity (feature correspondence) Lipschitz continuity Surface continuity Surface smoothness View consistency constraint Scene reconstruction/Surface interpolation Adaptive mesh refinement Constrained reconstruction Thin plate models Texture synthesis/Texture mapping Triangulation Volumetric reconstruction Visual hull Trinocular (and more) stereo Parameter Estimation Bayesian methods Constrained least squares Linear least squares Optimization Robust techniques Probability and Statistics for Computer Vision Autoregression Bayes estimator Bayesian inference networks Causal models Correlation and dependence Covariance and Mahalanobis distance in Vision Dempster–Shafer theory Multimodal distribution Normal distribution Heteroscedastic noise Homoscedastic noise Hidden Markov models Probability axioms Statistical hypothesis testing/Analysis of variance Information theory Kalman filters Unscented Kalman filters Canonical correlation Kernel regression Least mean squares estimation Least median square estimation and estimators Log-normal distribution Logistic regression Maximum likelihood Model/Curve fitting Monte Carlo method Point process Markov chain/Markov chain Monte Carlo methods Markov random field Applications Conditional random fields Multi-level Markov random fields Optimization methods Gibbs sampling Graduated optimization Graph cuts in computer vision Iterated conditional modes Simulated annealing Mixture models and expectation-maximization (EM) Gaussian mixture model Categorical mixture model Normalization Non-parametric statistics Non-parametric regression Kernel density estimation Poisson distribution Density estimation Random number generation Robust estimators Projective geometry/Projective transformations Affine projection model/Affine transformation Anamorphic projection/Catadioptric system Central cylindrical projection Orthographic projection Map projection Homography Hierarchy of geometries Perspective projection Projective plane Projective space Real camera projection Similarity matrix Weak-perspective Tomasi-Kanade factorization Projective invariants/cross-ratio Absolute points (points at infinity) Affine invariants Affine geometry of curves Collineation Conics/Quadrics Coplanarity Differential invariants Duality Integral invariants Laguerre formula Pencils Quasi-invariants Structural invariants Cartan's equivalence method Relational shape descriptions Curves Adjacency/Connectedness Relative curvature Relative length Relative orientation Separation Regions Adjacency/Connectedness Relative area/size Separation Surfaces Adjacency/Connectedness Relative area/size Relative orientation Separation Volumes Adjacency/Connectedness Relative orientation Relative volume/size Separation Shape properties Geometric Morphometrics Kendall´s Shape Space Points and local invariants Scale-invariant feature transform Curves and Curve Invariants Affine curvature Arc length Bending energy Chord distribution Curvature, Torsion of a curve, Radius of curvature Differential geometry, Frenet–Serret formulas Invariant Points: Inflections/Bitangents Image regions and region invariants Compactness measure of a shape Area Perimeter Center of mass, Centroid Eccentricity, Elongatedness Euler number/Genus Extremal points Feret's diameter Fourier descriptors Minimum bounding rectangle Image moments Affine moments Bessel-Fourier moments Binary moments Color moments Central moments Eigenmoments Fourier-Mellin moment invariants Gaussian-Hermite moments Texture moments Hahn moments Krawtchouk moments Legendre moments Orthogonal moments Racah moments Chebyshev moments Zernike and velocity moments Orientation Sphericity Rectangularity Rectilinearity Roundness Topological invariants Euler characteristic Differential geometry of surfaces Parametric surfaces Common shape classes and representations Cone representations Cyclide Cylinder representations Ellipsoid/Sphere Representations Thin plate splines Plane representations Polyhedra representations Quadric representations Torus representations Fundamental surface forms First fundamental form Second fundamental form Gauge coordinates Hessian Laplace–Beltrami operator Metric derivative Principal curvature and directions and other local shape representations Deviation from flatness Gauss–Bonnet surface description Gaussian curvature Koenderink's shape classification Mean curvature Minimal surface Parabolic points Ridges Umbilics Quadratic variation Ricci flow Surface area Surface normals and tangent planes Orientability Symmetry Affine symmetry Bilateral symmetry Rotational symmetry Skew symmetry Volumes Elongatedness 3D moments and moment invariants Volume Transformations (geometric), registration and pose estimation methods Poste estimation 2D to 2D pose estimation Methods  2D to 3D pose estimation Methods 3D to 3D pose estimation Methods Affine transformation Minimal data estimation Bundle adjustment Euclidean transformation Least-square euclidean transformation estimates Minimal data euclidean transformation estimation Robust euclidean transformation estimates Homographic transformation Least-square homography transformation estimates Robust homography transformation estimates Kalman filter pose estimation methods Partially constrained pose Incomplete information Intrinsic degrees of freedom Projective transformation Direct linear transformation Robust estimates Similarity transformation Articulated body pose estimation Image physics related concepts Color and reflectance Albedo, Irradiance, Radiance, Reflectance, Luminance Bidirectional reflectance distribution function Color difference Color vision, Colorimetry Illumination, lightness, color constancy, reflectance recovery and shading correction Color correction Color normalization Color representation systems CIE 1931 color space Color spaces and color space conversions YIQ color space Principal component basis space Dichromatic reflectance model Empirical color representations Statistical colour representations Basis function color representations Reflectance map Special worlds Mondrian Monochrome Image content, structure and formation Image content and formation Neighborhood operation Photometric content Gamma correction Hue/White balance correction Quantigraphics and multiple observations Saturation correction Spatial frequency and sampling Image quantization and compression Light and illumination Elementary physics of light and illumination Electromagnetic radiation, Electromagnetic spectrum Elementary effects: Diffraction, Interference, Reflection, Refraction, Transmittance Elementary manipulation: Collimation, Diffraction gratings, Diffusion, Mirrors, Prisms Standard sources: Light sources Source geometry Backlighting Area light source Diffuse reflection Line light source Point light source Summary of different light sources Special situations Illumination techniques for improving observation Mutual illumination and interreflections Polarization Shadow and highlight enhancement Spectral filtering Special sources Acoustic Sonar Infrared Laser Scanning electron microscope Synthetic aperture radar Image noise and noise in video Distributions Gaussian noise Salt and pepper noise Speckle noise Uniform noise Noise sources Amplifier noise Heteroscedastic noise kTC noise Electronic noise Photon noise Quantization noise Thermal noise Optics Optical transfer function Modulation transfer function Basic geometric optics Catadioptric optics Depth of field Depth of focus Focal length Focus invariant imaging Image control: Focus, Aperture, Exposure/Shuttering, Gain, Offset Image distortion lenses Telecentric lenses Vignetting Sensor response Surface shape physics Empirical surface models Surface classes Fractal surfaces Lambertian surfaces Phong reflection Specular reflection Texture Image Processing Architectures & Control Structures Architectures for visual processing Markup languages Attention, Foveation, Saccade Focus of attention Gaze-contingency paradigm Visual salience Behavior-based control Behavior-based robotics Blackboard system Classes of vision systems Continuous process systems Real-time systems/Video rate systems Single image processes Expert system control/Knowledge based system Hierarchical control systems Top-down and bottom-up systems Model-based systems Parallel processing Sequential/Serial processing Visual search Image transformations and filters Image enhancement Artistic effects Brightness adjustment Contrast adjustment Histogram equalization Contrast stretching Edge sharpening Histogram equalization/Adaptive histogram equalization Quantile normalization Saturation adjustment Upsampling Distance and skeleton Distance transform Eccentricity transform Laplacian eigenspace Medial axis Morphological skeletons Topological skeletons Local symmetry Principal component encoding Shock (mechanics) Shock filter, Shock tree, Shock graph Shock response spectrum Smoothed local symmetry Geometric transformations Euclidean: Rotation, Translation, Reflection Subsampling, Interpolation, zooming Rectification Image scaling, Shear transformation, Affine transformation, Projective transformation Image warping Global transforms Discrete cosine/Discrete sine transforms Fourier transform Frequency domain filtering Homomorphic filtering Non-uniform Fourier transform Fourier optics Log-polar/Polar Fourier transform Haar transform Hartley transform Hadamard/Walsh transform Histogram transformation Histogram equalization Adaptive histogram equalization Image histogram Color histogram Karhunen-Loeve transform Radon transform, Mojette transform Ridgelet transform Slant transform Modified wavefield transform Trace transform Wavelet transform Image and Video compression Adaptive coding Arithmetic coding Block Truncation Coding, Gif, TIFF, Lempel–Ziv–Welch, Huffman coding Color image compression Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) Feature extraction from compressed images Fractal compression Hierarchical compression Lossy compression Lossless compression Image quality evaluation/comparison JPEG PNG Model-based coding Motion coding, Video coding MPEG Predictive methods Stereo image compression Vector quantization Wavelet/Scalar quantization Image stabilization Local operator transforms Adaptive filtering Composite filtering Convolution Normalized convolution Separable templates Gaussian blur Difference of Gaussians Differentiation filtering Frequency filtering High-pass filter Low-pass filter Matched filter Image noise reduction and restoration Adaptive smoothing Anisotropic filtering Anscombe transform Moving average smoothing Bayesian filtering Bilateral filtering Brightness distortion correction Helicon filter Conservative smoothing Crimmins smoothing Deconvolution Diffusion methods Diffusion equation Anisotropic diffusion Edge-preserving smoothing Gaussian smoothing Global filters Tikhonov regularization Maximum entropy methods Kalman filter based noise reduction Alpha beta filter Phase-locked loop Kuwahara filter Bayer filter Lee's local statistics filter Local nonlinear image restoration Median filtering Median flow filtering Median least variance/Median coefficient of variation filters Markov chain Monte Carlo Multispectral images Multichannel/Multispectral filtering Exponential smoothing Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), Diffusion methods Geometric flow, Ricci flow Tangential diffusion Order statistic filters Savitzky–Golay smoothing filter Scale space filter Spline smoothing Temporal averaging Wiener filter Morphological transformations Binary mathematical morphology Boolean convolution Conditional dilation Dilate/Erode transformation Fuzzy morphology/Soft morphology Grayscale morphology Grayscale dilation, Grayscale erosion, Umbra dilation, Umbra erosion Greylevel, Greyscale morphological opening, closing Opening  Closing Morphological smoothing Morphological gradient Morphological laplacian Hit-or-miss transform Morphological segmentation Morphological opening, Morphological closing Region-filling, Propagation Thinning, Thickening Top-hat transform Watershed transform Pixel classification Color, Multispectral based Curvature, Shape based Edge type labeling Intensity based Shadow type labeling Texture based Point binary image operator transforms Image arithmetic Image operators: Addition Image operators: Bitshift Image operators: Blending Image operators: Division Image operators: Multiplication Image operators: Subtraction Binary operations Image operators: AND/NAND Image operators: NOT/INVERT Image operators: OR/NOR Image operators: XOR/XNOR Point unary image operator transforms Clipping Pixel logarithm and exponential Gamma correction Ordinal transformation Thresholding Adaptive thresholding Edge image thresholding Balanced histogram thresholding Multiband thresholding Quantization techniques Threshold selection Segmentation, Grouping transforms Property basis Chroma keying Intensity based segmentation (See Region detection -> thresholding) Motion based segmentation (See Motion field->Region segmentation/decomposition) Surface shape based segmentation (See Curvature-based surface patch detection) Texture based segmentation (See Texture-based region segmentation) Structures Curve segmentation (See Boundary/Line/Curve segmentation) Blob detection Surface segmentation (See Surface segmentation from 2 1/2D or 3D data) Volume segmentation Technologies Clustering based segmentation Connected components/Blob extraction Model based feature detection/Model based segmentation Minimum description length Region growing based segmentation Relaxation labeling Rule-based/Expert-system based segmentation Thresholding based segmentation Introductory visual neurophysiology Crossmodal linkages Audition Sensory substitution Olfaction Touch Sensory substitution Mirror neuron Language Audio-visual speech recognition Synesthesia, Neural basis of synesthesia Neurophysiological methods Disturbances and disorders Lesion Scotoma Blind spot Binasal hemianopsia Bitemporal hemianopsia Color blindness Achromatopsia Dichromacy Monochromacy Agnosia Visual agnosia Auditory agnosia Color agnosia Staining/Histology Electrophysiology Intracellular recording Extracellular recording Iontophoresis Neuroimaging Optical imaging of intrinsic signals Calcium imaging Photofragment-ion imaging Voltage-sensitive dye imaging Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Haemodynamic response BOLD response Positron emission tomography (PET) Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or (SPET) Electroencephalography (EEG) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Molecular biology Genetics Neuropharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology Visual system structure Neurons Visual pathway Dorsal and ventral stream Modularity of mind Visual modularity Language module Cortical column Neural coding Receptive fields Extra-classical receptive fields and surround modulation Topographic maps Binding & Synchronization The binding problem Neural binding Neural oscillations Cortical magnification Lateralization of brain function Attention Visual system components Neuroanatomy The eye Structure and anatomy Function Eye movements Saccades and Microsaccades The retina Development Anatomy and Structure Blind spot Fovea Circuitry Photoreceptors Horizontal cells Bipolar neurons/cells Amacrine cells Ganglion cell Glial cell Function and computations Light and dark adaptation Lateral inhibition Color vision Lateral Geniculate nucleus (LGN) Development Anatomy and structure Function and computations Parvocellular and Magnocellular pathways Visual cortex Plasticity and development Neuroplasticity Synaptic plasticity Spike-timing-dependent plasticity Hebbian theory Long-term potentiation Long-term depression Primary visual cortex (V1) Anatomy and structure Neuron types Pyramidal cells Granule cells Connectivity Simple cells, Complex cells, Hypercomplex cells Neural coding Parvocellular and Magnocellular pathways Cortical layers Contrast sensitivity Selectivity and mapping of stimulus features Ocular dominance Geniculate ganglion Orientation Direction Spatial frequency Colour Binocular vision Extrastriate cortex, Brodmann area 18, Brodmann area 19 V2 Visual cortex#Third visual complex, including area V3 Dorsomedial area Ventral tegmental area V4 Dorsal Prelunate (DP) V5/MT Higher visual cortical areas Medial superior temporal area  Parietal lobe LIP (Lateral intraparietal) VIP (Ventral Intraparietal) MIP (Medial Intraparietal) AIP (Anterior Intraparietal) CIP (Caudal Intraparietal) Brodmann area 7 Inferotemporal cortex Broadman area 22 Cuneus Superior Frontal Sulcus (SFS) Superior temporal sulcus Frontal Eye Fields (FEF) Superior colliculus Pulvinar nuclei Caudate nucleus Introductory visual psychophysics/psychology Attention  Subjective constancies Color constancy Lightness constancy Shape constancy Size constancy Distance constancy Location constancy Disorders/disturbances Aniseikonia Achromatopsia Scotopic sensitivity syndrome Blindness Acquired vision Blindsight Change blindness Color blindness Repetition blindness Visual agnosias Apperceptive agnosia Associative agnosia Color agnosia Mirror agnosia Prosopagnosia Design of experiments Detection theory Fourier analysis Interstimulus interval Psychometric function Spatial frequency Statistics Stevens' power law Temporal frequency Weber–Fechner law Experimental stimuli Autostereograms Gratings Optical illusions Motion aftereffects Ambiguous picture Illusory contours Random dot stereograms Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) Phantom eye syndrome Eye movements Saccades and Microsaccades Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) and Pursuit movement General concepts Adaptation Aftereffects Contrast sensitivity Saccadic suppression Temporal resolution Change blindness Flicker fusion Visual acuity Perception Color perception Scotopic vision Unique hues Depth perception Accommodation Binocularity Color depth Convergence Distance fog Horopter Occlusion Parallax Peripheral vision Retinal disparity/Stereopsis Face perception Motion perception Optical flow Structure from motion Time to contact(see depth from motion) Vection Multimodal perception Synesthesia Object Perception Object recognition in cognitive neuroscience Space perception Texture perception Perceptual organization Figure–ground determination Gestalt laws of grouping Psychophysical methods Discrimination Forced choice methods Just-noticeable difference Method of adjustment Method of constant stimuli Method of limits Staircase procedures Thresholds Theoretical perspectives Affordances Gestalt theory Gibson's theory Marr's theory Unconscious inference Visual search Visual short term memory Motion and time sequence analysis related concepts Active vision Kinetic depth Image stabilization Surface reconstruction Time to contact Visual servoing Appearance change analysis Change and moving object detection Background modelling Finger tracking ViBE algorithm Change detection in compressed image/video data Change detection in non-standard images: Panoramic, Omnidirectional Detection with a changing background Foreground modelling Image differencing Moving camera change detection High-speed cameras Shadow removal, Moving shadow detection The Stauffer and Grimson algorithm Depth/Range image temporal sequence analysis Image sequence fusion Image mosaics Image stabilization Super-resolution Motion field Depth estimation Edge/Discontinuity detection Hierarchical motion field estimation Region segmentation/decomposition Motion layer/Multiple motion segmentation Particle image velocimetry Motion property estimation General motion estimation Observer motion, Egomotion estimation Periodicity estimation Planar motion estimation Instance centre of rotation Pure translation Linear motion estimation Non-rigid motion analysis Human pose and motion estimation Optical flow Affine flow The aperture problem Methods for determining optical flow Area based methods Binocular methods Contour based methods Correlation based optical flow estimation Gradient based optical flow estimation Feature based optical flow estimation Optical flow boundary, discontinuity estimation Color optical flow Optical flow field calculation Optical flow histogram Information extraction Egomotion estimation Epipole location Focus of expansion Obstacle detection Parking sensors Multigrid methods Normal flow Optical flow constraint equation Optical flow smoothness constraint Range flow Scene flow/Surface motion Structure from optical flow Sensor, Camera Motion estimation Spatio-Temporal reasoning Epipolar plane analysis Spatio-temporal corner/Interest point detector Spatio-temporal filters Singular spectrum analysis Representations Small motion models Temporal shape matching Spatio-Temporal Relationship Match (SRM) Temporal geometric shape model matching Temporal property model matching Temporal spatio-velocity transform Structure from motion/Structure and motion Articulated object segmentation Classical structure from motion Model-based (facial) motion capture/Model-based shape capture Multi-frame structure estimation Critical motions Initialization Euclidean reconstruction Nonlinear recursive methods Rigid bodies Rigid body segmentation Rigidity constraint Kruppa equations Structure consistency constraint Structure factorization Tomasi–Kanade factorization Factorization with uncertainty Temporal factorization Temporal event analysis Activity analysis Temporal action segmentation Instantaneous activity recognition Long term activity Hidden Markov Model matching Hidden Semi-Markov Model matching Rule-based/Syntactic model matching Trajectory model matching Novelty detection Self-similarity matrix Tracking Articulated object tracking Binocular tracking Discontinuous events tracking Feature tracking approaches Contour tracking, Active contour tracking Appearance-based tracking Edge tracking Fiduciary marker tracking Optical flow-based target tracking Pose based tracking Feature-based tracking Template-based tracking Temporal stereo tracking Texture-based tracking Moving camera based tracking Multiple target tracking Feature-based tracking Optical flow analysis Template-based tracking Tracking information fusion Condensation/Particle filter tracking Tracking using Bayesian belief propagation Tracking using hidden markov models Tracking using Kalman filters Vergence maintenance Non-sequential realization methods Systolic arrays  Digital signal processing/Digital signal processor Artificial neural networks Hopfield networks Kohonen networks Perceptron networks Radial basis function networks Support vector machines Parallel processing approaches Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD)/Multiprocessing Data parallelism/Domain decomposition methods Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) Massively parallel systems Vector processors Programmable logic approaches Reconfigurable computing VLSI approaches Vision chips Object, world and scene representations   Full object representations Flat Hierarchical, by parts, structural decomposition, subcomponent representation 3D object representations Functional representations Geometric representation of model features CAD representations Curve representations Chain codes Circles Conics Methods of contour integration Crack codes Curvature primal sketch Curvature scale space Cross section functions Edgelet, Contourlet Ellipse representations Intrinsic equations Line representations Line moments Phi-S curves, tangent angle functions Polyline, Polycurves, Polygonal approximations Radius vector functions Signatures Active contour models/Snakes Gradient Flow Vector (GFV) snakes Spline Representation Superellipse representations Supershapes Support functions Torsion of a curve Torsion scale space Wavelet descriptors Width functions Geometric representation of model features/Points Symplectic geometry Local scale descriptions Point distribution models Non-linear point distributions Surflet Region representations Convex hull Region cross section functions Delaunay triangulation/Voronoi diagrams Grey-level distribution models Occupancy grids Polygon mesh Trees Octrees Quadtrees Surface representations Algebraic point set surfaces Conformal mapping Local point/patch representations Mean and Gaussian curvature Rubbersheeting Thin plate splines Algebraic topology Planar patches/faces, Edges, Vertices, Boundary representations Principal curvature sign classes Bézier surface Sparse grid Spherical images Subdivision surface B-spline Surface triangulation, Surface meshes Object centered representations Generalized cones Geon structural description Objects/Volume representations 3D skeletons Aspect graph matching Balloons Constructive solid geometry Set-theoretic modeling Spheres Surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature Schwarzschild coordinates Extended Gaussian Images Generalized cylinders Cones Medial surfaces Quadrics Hyperquadrics Superquadrics Shape histogram Local Energy-based Shape Histogram (LESH) Spin images Spherical spin images Spherical harmonics Supershapes Boundary representation Tetrahedral representations Volumetric frequency Voxels, Octrees Wire-frame representations Logical and symbolic representations Frames Knowledge representation Description logic KRL Predicate calculus Predicate logic First-order logic Relational model Semantic nets Multi-scale representation approaches Fractals Scale space Wavelets Non-rigid model representations Active appearance models Active shape models Implicit shape models Point distribution models Deformable shapes Active contour models Deformable surfaces Deformable volumes Structural rigidity Time-varying meshes Non-symbolic representations Eigenspace representations Interest points Intrinsic images Light fields, Image-based modeling and rendering Procedural representations Production rule representations Visual routines Shape classes/Shape families Temporal representations Short-term activity representations Motion history/Energy models Volume motion templates Long-term activity representations Global representations Hidden Markov models/Finite state models Target trajectory models  Types of models Active appearance models Color appearance models Geometric models Graph models Exponential random graph models Relational models Viewer centered representations, Viewpoint-dependent representations Iconic image models Aspects/characteristic views  Tesselated viewsphere approximations Geodesic domes Recognition and registration methods Statistical classification methods Bayesian classifier Contextual image classification Decision trees Learning classifier systems Feature-based Fuzzy classification Hough forest k-nearest neighbor classification Linear and higher order discriminant functions Markov random field based classification Minimum distance estimation Multi-classifier fusion Neural networks Sparse coding Vector quantization based classification General reasoning methods used in vision Ambiguous images Geometric model matching, Feature correspondence, Shape correspondence General matching control and search algorithms Hypothesize and test Heuristic search Recognition by components Interpretation trees and other search tree variations Rule-based systems Theorem proving RAST algorithms General recognition methods Appearance-based, Iconic, View-based recognition Boltzmann machine, Hopfield net, Simulated annealing Constraint-based matching Context-based matching Template matching, Elastic matching, Deformable template Geometric hashing Image stitching Image registration Inverse compositional method Iterated closest point/Iterative closest point MAPSAC Model based recognition Multi-scale contour segmentation Non-rigid alignment Object categorization Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition Bag of words Structured models Subcategory recognition Vocabulary trees Object Size/Scale/distance estimation Polygon matching Pose clustering RANSAC Relaxation labeling Softassign algorithm Structural description Template and cross-correlation matching Identity verification/alignment Geometric feature proximity Pose consistency Model based indexing, invocation Special feature matching  2D to 2D point feature matching Proximity matrices 2D to 3D point feature matching 3D to 3D point feature matching 2D, 3D point to structure matching Aspect graph matching Boundary/contour/curve/edge matching TERCOM Line matching Phase matching Property-based matching Optical/Appearance flow matching Polygon matching Needle-map matching Region matching Spatial pyramid matching Surface matching Texture classification Texture matching Volume matching Syntactic pattern matching 1D/String matching 2D/Pattern grammars Scene understanding/image analysis methods Situated cognition Affordance Appearance prediction Figure-ground separation High-level vision Light source detection Line labeling Occlusion understanding and recovery Perceptual organization, Perceptual grouping Hierarchical organization Subcomponent detection Types of scenes Manhattan world scenes Region labeling Scene completion Shadow understanding Sensor fusion, registration and planning methods Sensor fusion and registration types CT scan, MRI, fMRI, NMR, PET scan Structure from motion Kinetic depth Range and intensity High dynamic range imaging SAR, Digital maps Visible and infrared Visible spectrum Infrared spectrum MVIRI Information fusion Multi-image intensity image registration Multi-view range data registration and fusion Next view planning/prediction Sensor networks Sensor networks calibration Distributed target tracking & fusion Sensor path planning Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) Static sensor placement/parameter determination Multidimensional sampling Fusion Using Kalman Filters System models, calibration and parameter estimation methods Camera calibration Camera pose estimation Camera auto-calibration, Camera self calibration, Closure phase Critical motions, relations, scenes Zoom lens calibration Camera calibration using calibration targets Monocular camera calibration Camera resectioning Eye–hand coordination and calibration Illumination field calibration Image distortion, models and correction Chromatic aberration Defocus aberration Diffraction/Interference fringes Ringing artifacts Fisheye lens Radial lens distortion Underwater lens calibration Pinhole camera, intrinsic and extrinsic camera models Radiometric calibration Structured light source calibration Visual learning related methods and concepts Observational learning Discrete observational learning Probabilistic observational learning Geometric feature learning Joint natural language and image data learning NLP learning techniques Learning technologies Bayesian learning/Probabilistic model learning Bayesian principal component analysis Latent variable learning Variational Bayesian methods Clustering Fuzzy clustering Clustering coefficient Hierarchical clustering k-means clustering Hierarchical k-means clustering Mean-shift clustering Neural gas clustering Parametric/Non-parametric clustering Pattern matrices Proximity matrices Self-organizing feature maps/Kohonen maps Superparamagnetism clustering Gaussian mixture models, Expectation-Maximization (EM) Ensemble learning Bootstrap aggregating Boosting AdaBoost DenseBoost TextonBoost Extremely random trees (Extra-trees) Random forests Vector boosting Feature selection Gaussian process learning and classification Genetic programming/Genetic algorithms Neural networks Principal component analysis Support vector machines Kernel methods Kernel trick Structured SVM Relevance vector machine Semi-supervised learning Vector quantization Shape model learning Range data fusion Space carving Structured learning Architectural models Volumetric model recovery Voxel coloring Marching cubes Property learning Spatio-temporal patterns Directory: sites -> default -> files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Northern England’s 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