Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 9 Design, Analysis, and Testing of Laterally Loaded Deep Foundations that Support Transportation Facilities
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| 13.4.4 Backfill and Grading When foundations are installed though anew embankment, it is often specified that the embankment be constructed before installation of the foundation elements to facilitate placement and compaction of the fill, and to avoid potential damage or displacement of the foundation elements during fill placement. Where driven piles must be installed through compacted embankment fill, it is common to require pre- boring through the fill to facilitate driving and to maintain pile alignment. When foundations must be installed prior to embankment construction, such as behind a Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall, the embankment fill will need to be placed in smaller lifts and compacted using hand operated equipment to achieve the required fill compaction without damaging or displacing the foundation element. Embankment fill placed around the foundation elements should be sloped to drain away from the foundation elements. To the degree possible, backfill should be placed in contact with the foundation to avoid loose soil zones around the pile or drilled shaft, and to prevent ponding or infiltration of water that can lead to soil softening, or erosion, and a resulting degradation or loss of lateral support. At sites where soft, compressible soils underlie the proposed embankment at a foundation location, it is usually recommended to preload the site to eliminate, or substantially reduce, the amount of ground settlement prior to installation of the foundation elements. This sequence of construction may not reduce the design downdrag loads on the foundation (since small relative settlement can cause full downdrag load to develop, but will protect the foundation elements from lateral soil displacements, with related pile/shaft deformation and bending stresses, that may occur near the perimeter of the preload embankment during the preload period. 204 14 REFERENCES AASHTO. 2002. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition. Washington, DC American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO. 2009. Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals. Washington, DC American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO. 2014. LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 7th Edition. Washington, DC American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. ACI. 1995. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, 318-95. Farmington Hills, MI American Concrete Institute. Abendroth, RE, and Greimann, L. FA rational design approach for integral abutment bridges Transportation. Research. Record. 1223, Transportation Research Board 12–23. Abendroth, RE, Greimann, L. F, and Ebner, PB. Abutment pile design for jointless bridges Journal of Structural Division, ASCE . 115(11): 2914–2929. Abu-Hejleh, NM, DiMaggio, J.A., Kramer, WM, Anderson, Sand Nichols, S. 2011. Implementation of LRFD Geotechnical Design for Bridge Foundations , NHI Course 132083 Reference Manual, Publication No. FHWA NHI-10-0139. Washington, DC US. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Abu-Hejleh, NM, Kramer, WM, Mohamed, K, Long, J.H., and Zaheer, MA. 2013. Implementation of AASHTO LRFD Design Specifications for Driven Piles , Publication No. FHWA-RC-13-001. Washington, DC US. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Abu-Hejleh, NM, O’Neill, MW, Hanneman, D, Attwooll, W.J. 2005. Improvement of the Geotechnical Axial Design Methodology for Colorado’s Drilled Shafts Socketed in Weak Rocks Transportation Research Record, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Armour, T, Groneck, P, Keeley, J, and Sharma, S. 2000. “Micropile Design and Construction Guidelines Implementation Manual Report No. FHWA-SA-97-070. Washington, DC US. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Arneson, LA, Zevenbergen, L.W., Lagasse, PF, and Clopper, PE. 2012. Evaluating Scour at Bridges, Fifth Edition, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18, Publication No. FHWA-HIF-12-003. Washington, DC US. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Ashour, M. 2002. Post Liquefaction Response of Liquefiable Soils Proceeding 37th Engineering Geology and Geotechnical Engineering Symposium, Boise, ID, March 2002: 11-26. Ashour, M, and Norris, GM. Lateral Load Pile Response in liquefied Soil Journal of Download 6.03 Mb. Share with your friends:
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