99 The cap is a relatively stiff block that connects all the deep foundation elements in a particular group. However, not all groups of deep foundation elements
will have a cap for example, a group of drilled shafts for landslide stabilization may not have a cap, and a line of piles fora pile and lagging wall or a noise wall may not have a cap. However, many groups of deep foundation elements,
especially for column, pier, bent, abutment, or conventional retaining walls will have a cap that connects the individual deep foundation elements together. Under
lateral and axial loading, the cap rotates and displaces, mobilizing the axial and lateral resistance of individual elements in the group the load demand at any deep foundation element is determined not only by the type and magnitude
of loads applied to the group, but also by the arrangement and spacing of the elements in the group and the specific position of the element within the group. These group effects, and the methods for analyzing the response of groups of deep foundation elements, are discussed in the remaining sections of this chapter.
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