Grammatical category of voice

The clause with transitive Vs contains:

a) 3 grammatical elements: S + V + O

b) 3 semantic units: A + P (A) + G

OBJECT = GOAL

In English - word order = primary part:

If the order is changed = both the gram. + semantic roles of Ns will change:

- indicates that the SUBJECT should not be interpreted as the AGENT

(it may be the goal, a person or thing involved in the event):

The AGENT (NP) is preceded by the preposition by.

The AGENT (unknown, obvious, unimportant) may be unexpressed:
The PASSIVE VOICE is a suitable form for ommitting the AGENT.

In Slovak = reflexive passive:

The emphasis = on the action rather than on people who perform it.

- in Slovak non-human agent x human agent:

- in Slovak non-finite V form:
Sth that the AGENT used to perform the action = preposition with:
After ditransitive Vs (give, offer, show, teach, tell)

either OBJECT = SUBJECT of a passive clause:

• 
  reflects the way in which the verb action is “regarded“ or „experienced“ with respect to time; - is closely connected in meaning with tense
  

2 types of aspectual contrast:

1) THE PERFECTIVE ASPECT

2) THE PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) ASPECT

= “past happening related to present time“

a) past events with results in the present time:
b) indefinite events in a period leading up to the present time:
c) habit in a period leading up to the present time:
d) state leading up to the present time:
1.2 PAST PERFECT (had + -ed participle)

= “past in the past“

a) describing one event following another in the past:

past simple started:

c) in reported speech after past Vs (said, told, asked, explained, thought, ...):
d) if we want to narrate events looking back from a point in the past:
e) to express an unrealized hope, wish:

1.3 FUTURE PERFECT (will + perfect infinitive (have + -ed participle)

= at a certain time in the future something will be completed or achieved

(often used with by + time reference):

2. 
   THE PROGRESSIVE ASPECT
   

= refers to activity in progress, and therefore suggests that:

a) the activity is temporary (i.e. of limited duration)

b) it need not be complete:

= actions in progress at the moment of speaking (now, at the moment, just):

= an action (event, situation) was in progress at a specified time in the past:

= an activity taking place in the recent period up to the present:

- is the equivalent of the present perfect progressive; used to describe an activity looking back from the past:

= an activity (event) going on at a particular time or over a particular period in the future (we mention the future time):

= activity leading up to time in the future (we usually mention both the particular point in the future (on Saturday, next year,...) and the period of time until this point (.... for a year, ... for 20 minutes)

No mood distinctions are made in non-finite VPs.

In finite VPs modal distinctions are expressed mainly by modal Vs.
THE INDICATIVE / DECLARATIVE MOOD

- is used to state facts of which the speaker is relatively confident:

• 
  is used to issue commands and instructions;
  

- replaced by other constructions in contemporary English;

- described in 3 separate statements:
1) The Mandative Subjunctive in that-clauses

- uninflected base form = lack of the regular concord between S + FV

b) after adjectives (anxious, determined,) with a personal S:

2) The Formulaic Subjunctive in clauses in certain set expressions:

3) The Were-Subjunctive = hypothetical in meaning;

- in conditional clauses:
- in subordinate clauses after wish:
NON-FINITE VERB FORMS
= used after Vs in VP, after Ns, after adj., in non-finite subordinate clauses.
THE INFINITIVE
- present infinitive active:

- present infinitive passive:

- present progressive infinitive active:

- perfect / past infinitive active:

- perfect / past infinitive passive:

- perfect / past progressive infinitive active:

- modals:

- let:

- make:

- Vs of perception:

- some lexical Vs:

- the V to be + adjectives:

- some Vs followed by an O:

- indicating purpose:
THE ING-FORM
1)-ing participles used in progressive aspect or functioning as participial adj.

2) gerunds = can take place of a N or a V

- in general statements it functions as an uncount:

- sometimes as a count after determiners and after ´s genitive:

- present active: - present passive:

- perfect / past active: - perfect / past passive:
-ing form is used after:

- most Vs of liking and disliking:

- some lexical Vs:

- prepositions including adj. + preposition phrases:

- phrasal Vs:
THE –ed FORM

= the past form and the –ed participle form

- to form the passive;

- to express perfective aspect (have/had + -ed);