Guidance on best available techniques and best environmental practices for the recycling and disposal of wastes containing polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
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IntroductionPurposeIn May 2009, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was amended by the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention to include several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in its Annex A: Hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether1 Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether2 For the purpose of this document, these chemicals are collectively referred to as POP-PBDEs. Hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether are contained in commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether (c-PentaBDE), and tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether are contained in commercial octabromodiphenyl ether (c-OctaBDE). The main objective of this document is to provide guidance on best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) for the recycling and final disposal of wastes containing POP-PBDEs in an environmentally sound manner, following the recommendations of the COP on the elimination of POP-PBDEs from the waste stream. BAT means the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques. BEP describes the application of the most appropriate combination of environmental control measures and strategies. This document also aims to assist Parties reviewing and updating their NIPs with information on how to meet the obligations of the Convention on POP-PBDEs in relevant material flows as shown in the figure 1-1. It provides guidance on developing action plans for the environmentally sound management (ESM) of POP-PBDE-containing articles and materials based on the POP-PBDE inventory results. In particular, this document will be of use to national Stockholm Convention focal points, the project coordination unit implementing the NIP review and update project, and task teams responsible for conducting POP-PBDEs inventories and developing action plans for managing POP-PBDEs. In addition, this document addresses the recycling of products and articles containing POP-PBDEs, and the elimination of these chemicals. Structure of the guidance documentChapter 1 outlines the purpose and structure of this document (see Figure 1-1). It also explains its relationship to the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal. 
Figure 1‑1: Structure of the guidance and mass flow for the relevant production and application of c-PentaBDE and c-OctaBDE and the reuse, recycling and disposal of wastes containing these substances Chapter 2 provides background information on POP-PBDEs (2.1), an estimation of the total production amount of c-PentaBDE and c-OctaBDE (2.2), the major former uses of c-PentaBDE and c-OctaBDE (2.3), risks associated with POP-PBDEs (2.4), and information on POP-PBDEs in material, recycling and waste flows. Chapter 3 (supplemented by annexes1 and 2) includes general principles and cross-cutting considerations for recycling and disposal of wastes containing POP-PBDEs based on the waste management hierarchy (3.2), life cycle management (3.3), alternatives to POP-PBDEs (3.4), and monitoring of the bromine/POP-PBDEs in polymers (3.5). Chapter 4 addresses BAT/BEP technologies for the reuse of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) (4.1), material recycling of plastics from WEEE (4.2), technologies to separate POP-PBDEs-containing plastics (4.3), and end-of-life management of POP-PBDEs-containing plastics (4.4). Chapter 5 reviews BAT/BEP options for management of POP-PBDEs-containing materials in the transport sector (cars, buses, trucks, trains, ship, and planes) for reuse (5.1), treatment and recycling of end-of-life vehicle (ELV) (5.2), and energy recovery and disposal of automobile shredder residue (ASR) and other ELV residues (5.3). Chapter 6 describes BAT/BEP for the management and processing of POP-PBDEs-containing polyurethane foam including the reuse of furniture and mattresses (6.1), recycling/recovery of PUR foam (6.2), labelling of articles produced from recycled PUR foams (6.3), and other materials possibly impacted by POP-PBDEs (6.4). Chapter 7 contains information about thermal treatment options for POP-PBDEs-containing wastes (7.1), including waste incineration (7.2), and cement kilns (7.3). The BAT/BEP considerations for different secondary metal industries processing POP-PBDEs-containing wastes (for metal or energy recovery) are also described (7.4). Chapter 8 (and annex 3) addresses concerns about the least favoured approach of disposal of POP-PBDEs-containing waste to landfill, recognizing that not all countries have access to alternative disposal technologies.
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