Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Research



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Guidelines for the Use of Fishes
in Research

American Fisheries Society


American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists

Use of Fishes in Research Committee members:

J. A. Jenkins, Chair, H. L. Bart, Jr., J. D. Bowker, P. R. Bowser, J. R. MacMillan, J. G. Nickum, J. D. Rose, P. W. Sorensen, and G. W. Whitledge on behalf of the American Fisheries Society; J. W. Rachlin and B. E. Warkentine on behalf of the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists; and H. L. Bart on behalf of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists

June 2014

Suggested citation:

Use of Fishes in Research Committee (joint committee of the American Fisheries Society, the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists). 2014. Guidelines for the use of fishes in research. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

 

Copyright 2014 by the American Fisheries Society


Use of Fishes in Research Committee, 2014




American Fisheries Society

Jill A. Jenkins

National Wetlands Research Center

U.S. Geological Survey

Lafayette, LA 70506

jenkinsj@usgs.gov


Paul R. Bowser

Department of Microbiology and Immunology

College of Veterinary Medicine

Cornell University

Ithaca, NY 14853-6401

prb4@cornell.edu


James D. Bowker

Aquatic Animal Drug Approval Partnership Program

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Bozeman, MT 59715

jim_bowker@fws.gov
J. Randy MacMillan

Vice President

Clear Springs Foods, Inc.

Buhl, ID 83316

randy.macmillan@clearsprings.com
John G. Nickum

Nickum and Nickum

Fountain Hills, AZ 85268-2742

jgnickum@hotmail.com


James D. Rose

Professor Emeritus

University of Wyoming

Laramie, WY 82071

trout@uwyo.edu

Peter W. Sorensen

Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology

University of Minnesota

St. Paul, MN 55108

soren003@umn.edu


Greg W. Whitledge

Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences

Southern Illinois University

Carbondale, IL 62901

gwhit@siu.edu
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists–AFS Liaison

Henry L. Bart, Jr.

Biodiversity Research Institute

Tulane University

Belle Chasse, LA 70037

hbartjr@tulane.edu


American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists–AFS Liaisons

Joseph W. Rachlin

Laboratory for Marine and Estuarine Research

Department of Biological Sciences

Lehman College of the City University of New York
Bronx, NY 10468-1589
joseph.rachlin@lehman.cuny.edu
Barbara E. Warkentine

Science Department

Maritime College

State University of New York

Bronx, NY 10465-4198

synodus@aol.com



Table of Contents


Use of Fishes in Research Committee, 2014 2

Table of Contents 4

Preface 5

Acknowledgments 7

Statement of Purpose 8

1. Introduction 10

2. General Considerations 11

2.1 Approval of Research Plans by IACUCs 12

2.2 Project Quality Assurance Plans and Standard Operating Procedures 13

2.3 Statistical Design 14

2.4 Mortality as an Experimental Endpoint 15

2.5 Fish Health Management: Control of Pathogens and Parasites 15

3. Statutory Requirements and Regulatory Bodies 17

3.1 International Regulations and Guidelines 18

3.2 Biosecurity 20

3.3 Federal, State, and Local Regulations 22

3.4 Permits and Certificates 23

4. Animal Welfare Considerations 25

4.1 General Considerations 25

4.2 Stress 25

4.2.1 Stages of Stress 26

4.2.2 Measuring and Avoiding Stress 26

4.3 Nociception and Pain 28

5. Field Activities 31

5.1 Habitat and Population Considerations 31

5.2 Field Collections 32

5.2.1 Permits 32

5.2.2 Natural History Collections 32

5.2.3 Representative Samples 33

5.2.4 Collection of Imperiled Species 34

5.2.5 Museum Specimens and Other Preserved Specimens 35

5.3 Live Capture Techniques and Equipment 36

5.4 Field Restraint of Fishes: Sedatives 37

5.4.1 Drugs Approved for Use on Fish 38

5.4.2 Low Regulatory Priority (LRP) Drugs 38

5.4.3 Investigational New Animal Drugs (INAD) 38

5.5 Dangerous Species and Specimens 39

5.6 Handling and Transport 40

5.7 Facilities for Temporary Holding and Maintenance 41

5.8 Field Acclimation 42

5.9 Collection of Blood and Other Tissues 43

6. Marking and Tagging 44

6.1 General Principles 44

6.2 External Tags and Marks 45

6.3 Internal Tags and Marks, and Biotelemetry 46

6.4 Genetic Markers 48

6.5 Stable Isotopes 49

6.6 Fatty Acids 50

7. Laboratory Activities 50

7.1 General Principles 50

7.2 Confinement, Isolation, and Quarantine 51

7.3 Acclimation to Laboratory Conditions 53

7.4 Facilities for Long-Term Housing of Fishes 54

7.5 Density of Animals 55

7.6 Feeds and Feeding 56

7.7 Water Quality 57

7.8 Water Recirculation Units 58

7.9 Effluents and Permits 59

7.10 Dangerous Species and Specimens in Captivity 60

7.11 Restraint of Fishes: Sedatives and Related Chemicals 60

7.12 Surgical Procedures 61

7.13 Administration of Drugs, Biologics, and Other Chemicals 64

7.13.1 Drugs 64

7.13.2 Biologics and Other Chemicals 65

7.13.3 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) 65

8. Final Disposition of Experimental Animals 66

8.1 Euthanasia 66

8.2 Storage or Return to Aquatic Habitat 67

9. Future Revisions 68

10. Literature Cited 69

Appendix 91

Brief Checklist for IACUC Readiness 91

List of Low Regulatory Priority Drugs and Consideration for Their Use 92

Appendix Table 1. Low regulatory priority aquaculture drugs, indications, and doses. 93

Appendix Table 2. OIE-notifiable causative disease agents for fish and amphibians. 94

Index of Terms and Acronyms 95



Note on Additional Readings 95




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