Pediatrics: 15 Months to 18 Years Vaccination Schedule

Screening is an effective method for detecting and preventing acute and chronic diseases. Health professionals need to know the recommended screening tests or practice tools that may lead to early detection or prevention of medical problems that cause morbidity and mortality if left undiagnosed and untreated. These include the recommendations contained in the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s (USPSTF) Guide to Clinical Preventive Services 2014, and recommendations on screening by applicable organizations such as the National Center on Elder Abuse, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Neurology and the American Medical Association. Other public health concerns raised in this study are currently being developed within public health circles for improved standardized screening tools to help identify high risk health issues and guide patient education, such as those related to smoking cessation and exposure to second-hand smoke and varied health and public safety hazards related to illicit drug abuse in terms recognition and prevention. Health professionals are guided to stay informed of the evolving area of preventive health and the many resources available to educate patients and their families to avoid illness.

1. 
   One of the limitations of screening tests is
   

1. 
   guidelines are often changed and updated.
   
2. 
   they rarely provide a high degree of specificity or sensitivity.
   
3. 
   they can only be used for adolescents and adults.
   
4. 
   the benefits seldom outweigh the risks.
   

2. 
   Screening tests must be used with the understanding that
   

1. 
   they are seldom able to detect diseases.
   
2. 
   most of them are associated with harmful side effects.
   
3. 
   they are not diagnostic.
   
4. 
   they cannot be used for children.
   

3. 
   Adults should be screened for alcohol misuse if they
   

1. 
   are males over age 35.
   
2. 
   drink hard liquor.
   
3. 
   use illicit drugs.
   
4. 
   engage in risky drinking behavior.
   

4. 
   Breast cancer is
   

1. 
   only found in post-menopausal women.
   
2. 
   the second most common cancer in women.
   
3. 
   primarily caused by cigarette smoking.
   
4. 
   not detectable without a biopsy.
   

5. 
   Breast cancer screening may include
   

1. 
   an x-ray.
   
2. 
   a CT scan.
   
3. 
   a biopsy.
   
4. 
   mammography and genetic testing.
   

6. 
   Screening for cervical cancer
   

1. 
   significantly decreases mortality from the disease.
   
2. 
   should begin during adolescence.
   
3. 
   has no effect on mortality from the disease.
   
4. 
   can also help prevent breast cancer.
   

7. 
   Colorectal cancer screening can be done using
   

1. 
   a simple x-ray.
   
2. 
   fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy.
   
3. 
   a biopsy of the colon.
   
4. 
   endoscopy.
   

8. 
   Screening adolescents age 12-18 for depression is recommended if
   

1. 
   the patient misuses alcohol.
   
2. 
   the clinician is comfortable talking about depression.
   
3. 
   follow-up care and support is available.
   
4. 
   depression symptoms have lasted 12 months or longer.
   

9. 
   True or False: Almost 30 percent of people who have diabetes go undiagnosed.
   

1. 
   True
   
2. 
   False
   

10. 
    The American Diabetes Association recommends screening for diabetes using
    

1. 
   HbAC₁
   
2. 
   fasting plasma glucose.
   
3. 
   oral glucose tolerance test.
   
4. 
   urine testing or glucose.
   

11. 
    People who have diabetes should periodically be screened for
    

1. 
   gallbladder disease.
   
2. 
   lung disease.
   
3. 
   cardiovascular disease.
   
4. 
   liver disease.
   

12. 
    Screening for Hepatitis B is recommended for
    

1. 
   people who misuse alcohol and people > age 50.
   
2. 
   IV drug users and men who have sex with men.
   
3. 
   pregnant women and adolescents.
   
4. 
   anyone born between 1945 and 1965.
   

13. 
    Screening for Hepatitis C is recommended for
    

1. 
   people who misuse alcohol and people > age 50.
   
2. 
   all persons who have diabetes.
   
3. 
   pregnant women and adolescents.
   
4. 
   anyone born between 1945 and 1965.
   

14. 
    Screening for HIV is recommended for
    

1. 
   anyone having unprotected anal or vaginal intercourse.
   
2. 
   anyone born between 1945 and 1965.
   
3. 
   anyone who misuse alcohol.
   
4. 
   anyone who has hypertension and diabetes.
   

15. 
    True or False: The USPSTF recommends that all adults should be screened for hypertension.
    

1. 
   True
   
2. 
   False
   

16. 
    Intimate partner violence
    

1. 
   involves physical harm to the victim.
   
2. 
   includes physical, sexual, psychological harm.
   
3. 
   is limited to violence done by men to women.
   
4. 
   is a very rare occurrence.
   

17. 
    Screening for obesity is done by measuring
    

1. 
   body weight.
   
2. 
   body weight and height.
   
3. 
   waist and upper arm circumference.
   
4. 
   body mass index.
   

18. 
    Osteoporosis is very common in
    

1. 
   young African American males
   
2. 
   all men under the age of 50.
   
3. 
   elderly white females.
   
4. 
   people who have hypertension.
   

19. 
    All pregnant women should be screened for
    

1. 
   depression and illicit drug use.
   
2. 
   bacteriuria.
   
3. 
   alcohol misuse and coronary heart disease.
   
4. 
   osteoporosis and syphilis.
   

20. 
    True or False: The benefits of prostate cancer screening far outweigh the risks.
    

1. 
   True
   
2. 
   False
   

21. 
    All newborns should be screened for
    

1. 
   lipid disorders.
   
2. 
   iron deficiency anemia.
   
3. 
   phenylketonuria.
   
4. 
   hypertension.
   

22. 
    All pregnant women should be screened for
    

1. 
   gonorrhea.
   
2. 
   syphilis.
   
3. 
   sickle cell disease.
   
4. 
   skin cancer and lipid disorders.
   

23. 
    All newborns should be screened for
    

1. 
   sickle cell disease.
   
2. 
   elevate cholesterol.
   
3. 
   autism.
   
4. 
   Hepatitis C.
   

24. 
    True or False: Screening infants for hearing impairment is mandatory.
    

1. 
   True
   
2. 
   False
   

25. 
    All newborns should be screened for
    

1. 
   HIV.
   
2. 
   diabetes.
   
3. 
   Hepatitis B.
   
4. 
   congenital hypothyroidism.
   

26. 
    Which of the following is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States?
    

1. 
   Diabetes
   
2. 
   Alcohol
   
3. 
   Tobacco
   
4. 
   HIV
   

27. 
    Which of the following is NOT true regarding cigarette smoking in the United State?
    

1. 
   An estimated 40 million adults currently smoke cigarettes.
   
2. 
   It accounts for more than 480,000 deaths every year.
   
3. 
   Less than one million adults live with a smoking-related disease.
   
4. 
   Smoking has declined from 20.9% adults in 2005 to nearly 16.8% in 2014.
   

28. 
    Heath effects of second-hand smoke include
    

1. 
   sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
   
2. 
   ear infections.
   
3. 
   pneumonia.
   
4. 
   All of the above
   

29. 
    Which of the following is one of the three drugs that are approved by the Food and Administration (FDA) for assisting patients with smoking cessation?
    

1. 
   Tamoxifen
   
2. 
   Prescription opioids
   
3. 
   Varenicline
   
4. 
   Raloxifene
   

30. 
    The USPSTF and the American Cancer Society recommends asymptomatic adults, aged 55 to 80 years, have annual screening with low dose computed tomography if they have a 30 pack-year history of smoking and currently smoke or have quit smoking
    

1. 
   within the past 15 years.
   
2. 
   within the past 5 years.
   
3. 
   but started smoking again.
   
4. 
   within the past year.
   

31. 
    True or False: Second-hand smoke is smoke that is produced from burning tobacco or smoke that has been exhaled by someone using a cigarette and although second-hand smoke may be dangerous, there are safe levels of second-hand smoke.
    

1. 
   True
   
2. 
   False
   

32. 
    The USPSTF advises or states that
    

1. 
   clinicians should be aware of, and alert to the signs and symptoms of illicit drug use.
   
2. 
   the evidence supports the benefits and harms of screening for illicit drug use.
   
3. 
   drug use disorders and overdoses are consistent with one particular age group.
   
4. 
   All of the above
   

33. 
    Risk factors for non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer include
    

1. 
   indoor tanning.
   
2. 
   a family history of melanoma.
   
3. 
   the use of psoralen.
   
4. 
   All of the above
   

34. 
    The American Dental Association in 2010 published guidelines about oral cancer screening stated or recommended
    

1. 
   auto-fluorescence screening as the only proven tool.
   
2. 
   tissue reflectance as the primary screening tool.
   
3. 
   auto-fluorescence and tissue reflectance as the most effective screening tools.
   
4. 
   oral inspection and tactile palpation as screening tools.
   

35. 
    Congenital syphilis that is untreated can cause
    

1. 
   spontaneous sequelae.
   
2. 
   phenylketonuria.
   
3. 
   early infant death.
   
4. 
   neonatal phenylketonuria.
   

36. 
    Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease?
    

1. 
   diabetes.
   
2. 
   family history of coronary heart disease.
   
3. 
   gender.
   
4. 
   age.
   

37. 
    True or False: The four question CAGE screening test for alcohol use, which is familiar to many healthcare professionals, is NOT recommended as a screening tool for alcohol use as it is not highly sensitive or specific.
    

1. 
   True
   
2. 
   False
   

38. 
    The USPSTF recommendations for cervical cancer screening for women aged 30-65 is
    

1. 
   to screen with cytology more often than every 3 years.
   
2. 
   screen three years with a Pap smear and HPV testing.
   
3. 
   to not screen.
   
4. 
   screen three years with a Pap smear.
   

39. 
    The USPSTF recommendations for cervical cancer screening for women over the age of 65 who have had adequate prior screening and are not high risk is
    

1. 
   to screen every 5 years.
   
2. 
   screen three years with a Pap smear and HPV testing.
   
3. 
   to not screen.
   
4. 
   screen three years with a Pap smear.
   

40. 
    The USPSTF states that screening for cervical cancer earlier than age 21 years
    

1. 
   leads to more harms than benefits.
   
2. 
   depends on the patient’s sexual history.
   
3. 
   provides a modest decrease in cervical cancer.
   
4. 
   should be done on a case-by-case basis.
   

41. 
    True or False: The USPSTF recommends routine screening for skin cancer.
    

1. 
   True
   
2. 
   False
   

42. 
    The diagnosis of hypertension cannot be confirmed until an elevated blood pressure is present
    

1. 
   and there is no causal event.
   
2. 
   on one or more occasions.
   
3. 
   using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
   
4. 
   on several occasions.
   

43. 
    Blood pressure measurement is an important predictor of cardiovascular complications in people with
    

1. 
   type 2 diabetes mellitus.
   
2. 
   colorectal cancer.
   
3. 
   iron deficiency anemia.
   
4. 
   lipid disorders.
   

44. 
    People who have sickle cell disease have hemoglobin S and when oxygen binds to _______________, red blood cells form an abnormal shape (the sickle shape).
    

1. 
   hemoglobin C.
   
2. 
   hemoglobin A.
   
3. 
   hemoglobin A2.
   
4. 
   hemoglobin S
   

45. 
    Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the two
    

1. 
   melanoma skin cancers.
   
2. 
   non-melanoma skin cancers.
   
3. 
   cancers reported in the cancer registries.
   
4. 
   malignant melanomas.
   

46. 
    True or False: Because of the increased use of sunscreens, incidences of malignant melanoma, and deaths from this cancer, have been decreasing for years.
    

1. 
   True
   
2. 
   False
   

47. 
    The USPSTF recommends that __________ asymptomatic pregnant women be screened for iron deficiency anemia by measuring hematocrit and hemoglobin levels.
    

1. 
   diabetic
   
2. 
   vegetarian
   
3. 
   all
   
4. 
   first-time
   

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