Healthcare utilization among persons living with hiv with attention to the influences of hepatitis

References

2. Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. The New England journal of medicine. Dec 10 1981;305(24):1425-1431.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Jul 16 1982;31(27):365-367.

4. Boncy M, Laroche AC, Liautaud B, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency in Haitians. The New England journal of medicine. Jun 9 1983;308(23):1419-1420.

5. Siegal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. The New England journal of medicine. Dec 10 1981;305(24):1439-1444.

6. Pitchenik AE, Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, et al. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians: evidence of a new acquired immunodeficiency state. Annals of internal medicine. Mar 1983;98(3):277-284.

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men--New York City and California. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Jul 3 1981;30(25):305-308.

8. Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. May 20 1983;220(4599):868-871.

9. Goedert JJ, Sarngadharan MG, Biggar RJ, et al. Determinants of retrovirus (HTLV-III) antibody and immunodeficiency conditions in homosexual men. Lancet. Sep 29 1984;2(8405):711-716.

10. Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Sarngadharan MG, Bodner AJ, Gallo RC, Blattner WA. Screening test for HTLV-III (AIDS agent) antibodies. Specificity, sensitivity, and applications. Jama. Jan 11 1985;253(2):221-225.

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibodies to a retrovirus etiologically associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in populations with increased incidences of the syndrome. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Jul 13 1984;33(27):377-379.

12. Spira TJ, Des Jarlais DC, Marmor M, et al. Prevalence of antibody to lymphadenopathy-associated virus among drug-detoxification patients in New York. The New England journal of medicine. Aug 16 1984;311(7):467-468.

13. Tsoukas C, Gervais F, Shuster J, Gold P, O'Shaughnessy M, Robert-Guroff M. Association of HTLV-III antibodies and cellular immune status of hemophiliacs. The New England journal of medicine. Dec 6 1984;311(23):1514-1515.

14. Ziegler JL, Bragg K, Abrams D, et al. High-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with AIDS. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1984;437:412-419.

15. Rothenberg R, Woelfel M, Stoneburner R, Milberg J, Parker R, Truman B. Survival with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Experience with 5833 cases in New York City. The New England journal of medicine. Nov 19 1987;317(21):1297-1302.

16. Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Chaisson RE, et al. Survival patterns of the first 500 patients with AIDS in San Francisco. The Journal of infectious diseases. May 1988;157(5):1044-1047.

17. Moss AR, McCallum G, Volberding PA, Bacchetti P, Dritz S. Mortality associated with mode of presentation in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dec 1984;73(6):1281-1284.

18. Kolata G. FDA approves AZT. Science. Mar 27 1987;235(4796):1570.

19. Mitsuya H, Weinhold KJ, Furman PA, et al. 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Oct 1985;82(20):7096-7100.

20. Furman PA, Fyfe JA, St Clair MH, et al. Phosphorylation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and selective interaction of the 5'-triphosphate with human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Nov 1986;83(21):8333-8337.

21. Chaisson RE, Allain JP, Leuther M, Volberding PA. Significant changes in HIV antigen level in the serum of patients treated with azidothymidine. The New England journal of medicine. Dec 18 1986;315(25):1610-1611.

22. Yarchoan R, Berg G, Brouwers P, et al. Response of human-immunodeficiency-virus-associated neurological disease to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine. Lancet. Jan 17 1987;1(8525):132-135.

23. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, et al. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The New England journal of medicine. Jul 23 1987;317(4):185-191.

24. Yarchoan R, Klecker RW, Weinhold KJ, et al. Administration of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III/LAV replication, to patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Lancet. Mar 15 1986;1(8481):575-580.

25. Kolata G. Marrow suppression hampers AZT use in AIDS victims. Science. Mar 20 1987;235(4795):1463.

26. Richman DD, Fischl MA, Grieco MH, et al. The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The New England journal of medicine. Jul 23 1987;317(4):192-197.

27. Gill PS, Rarick M, Brynes RK, Causey D, Loureiro C, Levine AM. Azidothymidine associated with bone marrow failure in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Annals of internal medicine. Oct 1987;107(4):502-505.

28. Fischl MA, Parker CB, Pettinelli C, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a reduced daily dose of zidovudine in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. The New England journal of medicine. Oct 11 1990;323(15):1009-1014.

29. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Causey DM, et al. Prolonged zidovudine therapy in patients with AIDS and advanced AIDS-related complex. AZT Collaborative Working Group. Jama. Nov 3 1989;262(17):2405-2410.

30. Ho DD, Moudgil T, Alam M. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of infected persons. The New England journal of medicine. Dec 14 1989;321(24):1621-1625.

31. St Clair MH, Martin JL, Tudor-Williams G, et al. Resistance to ddI and sensitivity to AZT induced by a mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Science. Sep 27 1991;253(5027):1557-1559.

32. Japour AJ, Chatis PA, Eigenrauch HA, Crumpacker CS. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clinical isolates with reduced sensitivity to zidovudine and dideoxyinosine by RNA.RNA hybridization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Apr 15 1991;88(8):3092-3096.

33. Larder BA, Darby G, Richman DD. HIV with reduced sensitivity to zidovudine (AZT) isolated during prolonged therapy. Science. Mar 31 1989;243(4899):1731-1734.

34. Richman DD, Grimes JM, Lagakos SW. Effect of stage of disease and drug dose on zidovudine susceptibilities of isolates of human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. 1990;3(8):743-746.

35. Larder BA, Kemp SD. Multiple mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confer high-level resistance to zidovudine (AZT). Science. Dec 1 1989;246(4934):1155-1158.

36. Albrecht D, Zollner B, Feucht HH, et al. Reappearance of HIV multidrug-resistance in plasma and circulating lymphocytes after reintroduction of antiretroviral therapy. Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. Feb 2002;24(1-2):93-98.

37. Svedhem V, Lindkvist A, Lidman K, Sonnerborg A. Persistence of earlier HIV-1 drug resistance mutations at new treatment failure. Journal of medical virology. Dec 2002;68(4):473-478.

38. Smith MS, Koerber KL, Pagano JS. Long-term persistence of zidovudine resistance mutations in plasma isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 of dideoxyinosine-treated patients removed from zidovudine therapy. The Journal of infectious diseases. Jan 1994;169(1):184-188.

39. Albert J, Wahlberg J, Lundeberg J, et al. Persistence of azidothymidine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA genotypes in posttreatment sera. Journal of virology. Sep 1992;66(9):5627-5630.

40. Batisse D, Karmochkine M, Si Mohamed A, Piketty C, Kazatchkine MD, Belec L. Persistence of HIV-1 variants harbouring the zidovudine resistance mutation at pol codon 215 in patients who respond to triple combination therapy. Aids. May 7 1998;12(7):824-825.

41. Johnson VA, Barlow MA, Merrill DP, Chou TC, Hirsch MS. Three-drug synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro by zidovudine, recombinant soluble CD4, and recombinant interferon-alpha A. The Journal of infectious diseases. Jun 1990;161(6):1059-1067.

42. Schapiro JM, Lawrence J, Speck R, et al. Resistance mutations to zidovudine and saquinavir in patients receiving zidovudine plus saquinavir or zidovudine and zalcitabine plus saquinavir in AIDS clinical trials group 229. The Journal of infectious diseases. Jan 1999;179(1):249-253.

43. Henry K, Erice A, Tierney C, et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind study comparing the survival benefit of four different reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapies (three-drug, two-drug, and alternating drug) for the treatment of advanced AIDS. AIDS Clinical Trial Group 193A Study Team. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association. Dec 1 1998;19(4):339-349.

44. Randomised trial of addition of lamivudine or lamivudine plus loviride to zidovudine-containing regimens for patients with HIV-1 infection: the CAESAR trial. Lancet. May 17 1997;349(9063):1413-1421.

45. Collier AC, Coombs RW, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with saquinavir, zidovudine, and zalcitabine. AIDS Clinical Trials Group. The New England journal of medicine. Apr 18 1996;334(16):1011-1017.

46. Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, et al. Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. The New England journal of medicine. Sep 11 1997;337(11):734-739.

47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. 1996;8(1).

48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. 1998;10(1).

49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths: Final Data for 1997. National Vital Statistics Reports. June 30, 1999 1999;47(19).

50. Palella FJ, Jr., Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. The New England journal of medicine. Mar 26 1998;338(13):853-860.

51. Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, et al. A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. Aids. May 7 1998;12(7):F51-58.

52. Walli R, Herfort O, Michl GM, et al. Treatment with protease inhibitors associated with peripheral insulin resistance and impaired oral glucose tolerance in HIV-1-infected patients. Aids. Oct 22 1998;12(15):F167-173.

53. Carr A, Samaras K, Thorisdottir A, Kaufmann GR, Chisholm DJ, Cooper DA. Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Lancet. Jun 19 1999;353(9170):2093-2099.

54. Law M, Friis-Moller N, Weber R, et al. Modelling the 3-year risk of myocardial infarction among participants in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (DAD) study. HIV medicine. Jan 2003;4(1):1-10.

55. Mannheimer S, Friedland G, Matts J, Child C, Chesney M. The consistency of adherence to antiretroviral therapy predicts biologic outcomes for human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in clinical trials. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Apr 15 2002;34(8):1115-1121.

56. Neumann AU, Tubiana R, Calvez V, et al. HIV-1 rebound during interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy has no deleterious effect on reinitiated treatment. Comet Study Group. Aids. Apr 16 1999;13(6):677-683.

57. Ruiz L, Martinez-Picado J, Romeu J, et al. Structured treatment interruption in chronically HIV-1 infected patients after long-term viral suppression. Aids. Mar 10 2000;14(4):397-403.

58. Hatano H, Miller KD, Yoder CP, et al. Metabolic and anthropometric consequences of interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aids. Sep 8 2000;14(13):1935-1942.

59. Ananworanich J, Nuesch R, Le Braz M, et al. Failures of 1 week on, 1 week off antiretroviral therapies in a randomized trial. Aids. Oct 17 2003;17(15):F33-37.

60. Ananworanich J, Gayet-Ageron A, Le Braz M, et al. CD4-guided scheduled treatment interruptions compared with continuous therapy for patients infected with HIV-1: results of the Staccato randomised trial. Lancet. Aug 5 2006;368(9534):459-465.

61. Danel C, Moh R, Minga A, et al. CD4-guided structured antiretroviral treatment interruption strategy in HIV-infected adults in west Africa (Trivacan ANRS 1269 trial): a randomised trial. Lancet. Jun 17 2006;367(9527):1981-1989.

62. Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy Study G, El-Sadr WM, Lundgren J, et al. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. The New England journal of medicine. Nov 30 2006;355(22):2283-2296.

63. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. FDA-Approved HIV Medicines. 2014; http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/education-materials/fact-sheets/19/58/fda-approved-hiv-medicines. Accessed November 11, 2014.

64. Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Ghanem KG, et al. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Jan 2014;58(1):1-10.

65. Williams I, Churchill D, Anderson J, et al. British HIV Association guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-positive adults with antiretroviral therapy 2012 (Updated November 2013. All changed text is cast in yellow highlight.). HIV medicine. Jan 2014;15 Suppl 1:1-85.

66. Lewden C, May T, Rosenthal E, et al. Changes in causes of death among adults infected by HIV between 2000 and 2005: The "Mortalite 2000 and 2005" surveys (ANRS EN19 and Mortavic). Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Aug 15 2008;48(5):590-598.

67. Palella FJ, Jr., Baker RK, Moorman AC, et al. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Sep 2006;43(1):27-34.

68. Smit C, Geskus R, Walker S, et al. Effective therapy has altered the spectrum of cause-specific mortality following HIV seroconversion. Aids. Mar 21 2006;20(5):741-749.

69. Crum NF, Riffenburgh RH, Wegner S, et al. Comparisons of causes of death and mortality rates among HIV-infected persons: analysis of the pre-, early, and late HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) eras. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Feb 1 2006;41(2):194-200.

70. Smith CJ, Ryom L, Weber R, et al. Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): a multicohort collaboration. Lancet. Jul 19 2014;384(9939):241-248.

71. Weber R, Ruppik M, Rickenbach M, et al. Decreasing mortality and changing patterns of causes of death in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. HIV medicine. Apr 2013;14(4):195-207.

72. Samji H, Cescon A, Hogg RS, et al. Closing the gap: increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada. PloS one. 2013;8(12):e81355.

73. Nakagawa F, Lodwick RK, Smith CJ, et al. Projected life expectancy of people with HIV according to timing of diagnosis. Aids. Jan 28 2012;26(3):335-343.

74. Aldaz P, Moreno-Iribas C, Egues N, et al. Mortality by causes in HIV-infected adults: comparison with the general population. BMC public health. 2011;11:300.

75. Bonnet F, Lewden C, May T, et al. Malignancy-related causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Cancer. Jul 15 2004;101(2):317-324.

76. Bonnet F, Burty C, Lewden C, et al. Changes in cancer mortality among HIV-infected patients: the Mortalite 2005 Survey. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Mar 1 2009;48(5):633-639.

77. Rodger AJ, Lodwick R, Schechter M, et al. Mortality in well controlled HIV in the continuous antiretroviral therapy arms of the SMART and ESPRIT trials compared with the general population. Aids. Mar 27 2013;27(6):973-979.

78. Bica I, McGovern B, Dhar R, et al. Increasing mortality due to end-stage liver disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Feb 1 2001;32(3):492-497.

79. Soriano V, Martin-Carbonero L, Garcia-Samaniego J, Puoti M. Mortality due to chronic viral liver disease among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Nov 15 2001;33(10):1793-1795.

80. Smith C, Sabin CA, Lundgren JD, et al. Factors associated with specific causes of death amongst HIV-positive individuals in the D:A:D Study. Aids. Jun 19 2010;24(10):1537-1548.

81. Alter MJ. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. Journal of hepatology. 2006;44(1 Suppl):S6-9.

82. Sherman KE, Rouster SD, Chung RT, Rajicic N. Hepatitis C Virus prevalence among patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: a cross-sectional analysis of the US adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Mar 15 2002;34(6):831-837.

83. Thomas DL, Leoutsakas D, Zabransky T, Kumar MS. Hepatitis C in HIV-infected individuals: cure and control, right now. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2011;14:22.

84. Alsina L, Noguera-Julian A, Fortuny C. Impaired cellular immune response to tetanus toxoid but not to cytomegalovirus in effectively HAART-treated HIV-infected children. Vaccine. May 7 2013;31(20):2417-2419.

85. Lange CG, Lederman MM, Madero JS, et al. Impact of suppression of viral replication by highly active antiretroviral therapy on immune function and phenotype in chronic HIV-1 infection. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. May 1 2002;30(1):33-40.

86. Lederman MM, Calabrese L, Funderburg NT, et al. Immunologic failure despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy is related to activation and turnover of memory CD4 cells. The Journal of infectious diseases. Oct 15 2011;204(8):1217-1226.

87. Valdez H, Connick E, Smith KY, et al. Limited immune restoration after 3 years' suppression of HIV-1 replication in patients with moderately advanced disease. Aids. Sep 27 2002;16(14):1859-1866.

88. Kaplan RC, Sinclair E, Landay AL, et al. T cell activation and senescence predict subclinical carotid artery disease in HIV-infected women. The Journal of infectious diseases. Feb 15 2011;203(4):452-463.

89. Eyster ME, Diamondstone LS, Lien JM, Ehmann WC, Quan S, Goedert JJ. Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in multitransfused hemophiliacs: effect of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus. The Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Jun 1993;6(6):602-610.

90. Soto B, Sanchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally-acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. Journal of hepatology. Jan 1997;26(1):1-5.

91. Graham CS, Baden LR, Yu E, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Aug 15 2001;33(4):562-569.

92. Brau N, Fox RK, Xiao P, et al. Presentation and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients: a U.S.-Canadian multicenter study. Journal of hepatology. Oct 2007;47(4):527-537.

93. Puoti M, Torti C, Bruno R, Filice G, Carosi G. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in co-infected patients. Journal of hepatology. 2006;44(1 Suppl):S65-70.

94. Salmon-Ceron D, Rosenthal E, Lewden C, et al. Emerging role of hepatocellular carcinoma among liver-related causes of deaths in HIV-infected patients: The French national Mortalite 2005 study. Journal of hepatology. Apr 2009;50(4):736-745.

95. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. May 3 1997;349(9061):1269-1276.

96. Goldstein ST, Zhou F, Hadler SC, Bell BP, Mast EE, Margolis HS. A mathematical model to estimate global hepatitis B disease burden and vaccination impact. International journal of epidemiology. Dec 2005;34(6):1329-1339.

97. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R, Jr., et al. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet. Dec 14 2002;360(9349):1921-1926.

98. Lacombe K, Bottero J, Lemoine M, Boyd A, Girard PM. HIV/hepatitis B virus co-infection: current challenges and new strategies. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Jan 2010;65(1):10-17.

99. Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K, et al. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. The Sentinel Counties Chronic non-A, non-B Hepatitis Study Team. The New England journal of medicine. Dec 31 1992;327(27):1899-1905.

100. Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Rai RM, et al. The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral, and environmental factors. Jama. Jul 26 2000;284(4):450-456.

101. Sulkowski MS. Hepatitis C Virus Infection in HIV-infected Patients. Current infectious disease reports. Oct 2001;3(5):469-476.

102. Thomson EC, Fleming VM, Main J, et al. Predicting spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus in a large cohort of HIV-1-infected men. Gut. Jun 2011;60(6):837-845.

103. Gebo KA, Diener-West M, Moore RD. Hospitalization rates differ by hepatitis C satus in an urban HIV cohort. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Oct 1 2003;34(2):165-173.

104. Goedert JJ, Eyster ME, Lederman MM, et al. End-stage liver disease in persons with hemophilia and transfusion-associated infections. Blood. Sep 1 2002;100(5):1584-1589.

105. Castellares C, Barreiro P, Martin-Carbonero L, et al. Liver cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients: prevalence, aetiology and clinical outcome. Journal of viral hepatitis. Mar 2008;15(3):165-172.

106. Lee MH, Yang HI, Lu SN, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection increases mortality from hepatic and extrahepatic diseases: a community-based long-term prospective study. The Journal of infectious diseases. Aug 15 2012;206(4):469-477.

107. Clifford DB, Evans SR, Yang Y, Gulick RM. The neuropsychological and neurological impact of hepatitis C virus co-infection in HIV-infected subjects. Aids. Oct 2005;19 Suppl 3:S64-71.

108. Bedimo R, Westfall AO, Mugavero M, Drechsler H, Khanna N, Saag M. Hepatitis C virus coinfection and the risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected patients. HIV medicine. Aug 2010;11(7):462-468.

109. Satapathy SK, Lingisetty CS, Williams S. Higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease and shorter renal survival in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology international. Jun 23 2011.

110. Naing C, Mak JW, Ahmed SI, Maung M. Relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis. World journal of gastroenterology : WJG. Apr 14 2012;18(14):1642-1651.

111. Blair JM, Fagan JL, Frazier EL, et al. Behavioral and clinical characteristics of persons receiving medical care for HIV infection - Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2009. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries. Jun 20 2014;63 Suppl 5:1-22.

112. Adedinsewo DA, Wei SC, Robertson M, et al. Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in a Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Medical Care in the United States. AIDS patient care and STDs. Oct 20 2014.

113. DeNavas C, Proctor BD, Smith JC, U.S. Census Bureau. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009. Washington, DC September 2010.

114. Wilper AP, Woolhandler S, Lasser KE, McCormick D, Bor DH, Himmelstein DU. Health insurance and mortality in US adults. American journal of public health. Dec 2009;99(12):2289-2295.

115. Baker DW, Sudano JJ, Albert JM, Borawski EA, Dor A. Loss of health insurance and the risk for a decline in self-reported health and physical functioning. Medical care. Nov 2002;40(11):1126-1131.

116. Sudano JJ, Jr., Baker DW. Intermittent lack of health insurance coverage and use of preventive services. American journal of public health. Jan 2003;93(1):130-137.

117. Hong CS, Atlas SJ, Chang Y, et al. Relationship between patient panel characteristics and primary care physician clinical performance rankings. Jama. Sep 8 2010;304(10):1107-1113.

118. Yehia BR, Fleishman JA, Metlay JP, Moore RD, Gebo KA. Sustained viral suppression in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Jama. Jul 25 2012;308(4):339-342.

119. Yehia BR, Fleishman JA, Hicks PL, et al. Inpatient health services utilization among HIV-infected adult patients in care 2002-2007. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Mar 2010;53(3):397-404.

120. Schwarcz S, Hsu L, Dilley JW, Loeb L, Nelson K, Boyd S. Late diagnosis of HIV infection: trends, prevalence, and characteristics of persons whose HIV diagnosis occurred within 12 months of developing AIDS. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Dec 1 2006;43(4):491-494.

121. Flaer PJ, Benjamin PL, Malow RM, Morisky DE, Parkash J. The growing cohort of seniors with HIV/AIDS: changing the scope of Medicare Part D. AIDS care. Jul 2010;22(7):903-908.

122. Sherer R. The future of HIV care in the USA. Sexually transmitted infections. Mar 2012;88(2):106-111.

123. National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors. National ADAP Monitoring Project Annual Report. Washington, DC February 2014.

124. McManus KA, Engelhard CL, Dillingham R. Current challenges to the United states' AIDS drug assistance program and possible implications of the affordable care act. AIDS research and treatment. 2013;2013:350169.

125. Blackstock OJ, Wang KH, Fiellin DA. State variation in AIDS drug assistance program prescription drug coverage for modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. Journal of general internal medicine. Dec 2011;26(12):1426-1433.

126. Tseng ZH, Secemsky EA, Dowdy D, et al. Sudden cardiac death in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. May 22 2012;59(21):1891-1896.

127. Heberlein M, Brooks T, Alker J, Artiga S, Stephens J. Getting into Gear for 2014: Findings from a 50-State Survey of Eligibility, Enrollment, Renewal, and Cost-Sharing Policies in Medicaid and CHIP, 2012–2013. Washington, DC: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation;2013.

128. When To Start C, Sterne JA, May M, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies. Lancet. Apr 18 2009;373(9672):1352-1363.

129. Johnson AS, Hall HI, Hu X, Lansky A, Holtgrave DR, Mermin J. Trends in diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States, 2002-2011. Jama. Jul 23-30 2014;312(4):432-434.

130. Farnham PG, Gopalappa C, Sansom SL, et al. Updates of lifetime costs of care and quality-of-life estimates for HIV-infected persons in the United States: late versus early diagnosis and entry into care. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Oct 1 2013;64(2):183-189.

131. Bing EG, Burnam MA, Longshore D, et al. Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in the United States. Archives of general psychiatry. Aug 2001;58(8):721-728.

132. Carrico AW, Riley ED, Johnson MO, et al. Psychiatric risk factors for HIV disease progression: the role of inconsistent patterns of antiretroviral therapy utilization. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Feb 1 2011;56(2):146-150.

133. Gonzalez JS, Psaros C, Batchelder A, Applebaum A, Newville H, Safren SA. Clinician-assessed depression and HAART adherence in HIV-infected individuals in methadone maintenance treatment. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine. Aug 2011;42(1):120-126.

134. Mellins CA, Havens JF, McDonnell C, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral medications and medical care in HIV-infected adults diagnosed with mental and substance abuse disorders. AIDS care. Feb 2009;21(2):168-177.

135. Hall HI, Holtgrave DR, Maulsby C. HIV transmission rates from persons living with HIV who are aware and unaware of their infection. Aids. Apr 24 2012;26(7):893-896.

136. Wagner Z, Wu Y, Sood N. The Affordable Care Act may increase the number of people getting tested for HIV by nearly 500,000 by 2017. Health affairs. Mar 2014;33(3):378-385.

137. Long EF, Brandeau ML, Owens DK. The cost-effectiveness and population outcomes of expanded HIV screening and antiretroviral treatment in the United States. Annals of internal medicine. Dec 21 2010;153(12):778-789.

138. Goldman DP, Juday T, Seekins D, Linthicum MT, Romley JA. Early HIV treatment in the United States prevented nearly 13,500 infections per year during 1996-2009. Health affairs. Mar 2014;33(3):362-369.

139. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. The New England journal of medicine. Aug 11 2011;365(6):493-505.

140. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. U.S. Federal Funding for HIV/AIDS: The President’s FY 2015 Budget Request. Washington, DC: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; June 25 2014.

141. Summers T, Kates J. Trends in U.S. Government Funding for HIV/AIDS: Fiscal Years 1981 to 2004. Washington, DC: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; March 1 2004.

142. Gebo KA, Fleishman JA, Conviser R, et al. Contemporary costs of HIV healthcare in the HAART era. Aids. Nov 13 2010;24(17):2705-2715.

143. Schackman BR, Gebo KA, Walensky RP, et al. The lifetime cost of current human immunodeficiency virus care in the United States. Medical care. Nov 2006;44(11):990-997.

144. Walensky RP, Sax PE, Nakamura YM, et al. Economic savings versus health losses: the cost-effectiveness of generic antiretroviral therapy in the United States. Annals of internal medicine. Jan 15 2013;158(2):84-92.

145. Killian AD. Measuring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA viral load. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Jul 15 1997;54(14):1646-1651.

146. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Physician Fee Schedule Search. 2014; http://www.cms.gov/apps/physician-fee-schedule/search/search-criteria.aspx. Accessed November 19, 2014.

147. Weycker D, Edelsberg J, Halloran ME, et al. Population-wide benefits of routine vaccination of children against influenza. Vaccine. Jan 26 2005;23(10):1284-1293.

148. Zhou F, Kyaw MH, Shefer A, Winston CA, Nuorti JP. Health care utilization for pneumonia in young children after routine pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use in the United States. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. Dec 2007;161(12):1162-1168.

149. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Oct 12 2012;61(40):816-819.

150. Torres RA, Barr M. Impact of combination therapy for HIV infection on inpatient census. The New England journal of medicine. May 22 1997;336(21):1531-1532.

151. Paul S, Gilbert HM, Ziecheck W, Jacobs J, Sepkowitz KA. The impact of potent antiretroviral therapy on the characteristics of hospitalized patients with HIV infection. Aids. Feb 25 1999;13(3):415-418.

152. Fleishman JA, Gebo KA, Reilly ED, et al. Hospital and outpatient health services utilization among HIV-infected adults in care 2000-2002. Medical care. Sep 2005;43(9 Suppl):III40-52.

153. Fleishman JA, Hellinger FJ. Trends in HIV-related inpatient admissions from 1993 to 1997: a seven-state study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. Sep 1 2001;28(1):73-80.

154. Hutter G, Nowak D, Mossner M, et al. Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation. The New England journal of medicine. Feb 12 2009;360(7):692-698.

155. Saez-Cirion A, Bacchus C, Hocqueloux L, et al. Post-treatment HIV-1 controllers with a long-term virological remission after the interruption of early initiated antiretroviral therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study. PLoS pathogens. Mar 2013;9(3):e1003211.

156. Persaud D, Gay H, Ziemniak C, et al. Absence of detectable HIV-1 viremia after treatment cessation in an infant. The New England journal of medicine. Nov 7 2013;369(19):1828-1835.

157. Hocqueloux L, Prazuck T, Avettand-Fenoel V, et al. Long-term immunovirologic control following antiretroviral therapy interruption in patients treated at the time of primary HIV-1 infection. Aids. Jun 19 2010;24(10):1598-1601.

158. Okulicz JF, Lambotte O. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of elite controllers. Current opinion in HIV and AIDS. May 2011;6(3):163-168.

159. Betts MR, Nason MC, West SM, et al. HIV nonprogressors preferentially maintain highly functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Blood. Jun 15 2006;107(12):4781-4789.

160. Carriere M, Lacabaratz C, Kok A, et al. HIV "Elite Controllers" Are Characterized by a High Frequency of Memory CD8+CD73+ T Cells Involved in the Antigen-Specific CD8+ T-cell Response. The Journal of infectious diseases. Dec 19 2013.

161. Julg B, Pereyra F, Buzon MJ, et al. Infrequent recovery of HIV from but robust exogenous infection of activated CD4(+) T cells in HIV elite controllers. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Jul 15 2010;51(2):233-238.

162. Saez-Cirion A, Lacabaratz C, Lambotte O, et al. HIV controllers exhibit potent CD8 T cell capacity to suppress HIV infection ex vivo and peculiar cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation phenotype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Apr 17 2007;104(16):6776-6781.

163. Blankson JN, Bailey JR, Thayil S, et al. Isolation and characterization of replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from a subset of elite suppressors. Journal of virology. Mar 2007;81(5):2508-2518.

164. Salgado M, Swanson MD, Pohlmeyer CW, et al. HLA-B*57 elite suppressor and chronic progressor HIV-1 isolates replicate vigorously and cause CD4+ T cell depletion in humanized BLT mice. Journal of virology. Mar 2014;88(6):3340-3352.

165. Lambotte O, Boufassa F, Madec Y, et al. HIV controllers: a homogeneous group of HIV-1-infected patients with spontaneous control of viral replication. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Oct 1 2005;41(7):1053-1056.

166. Bailey JR, Williams TM, Siliciano RF, Blankson JN. Maintenance of viral suppression in HIV-1-infected HLA-B*57+ elite suppressors despite CTL escape mutations. The Journal of experimental medicine. May 15 2006;203(5):1357-1369.

167. Hatano H, Delwart EL, Norris PJ, et al. Evidence for persistent low-level viremia in individuals who control human immunodeficiency virus in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Journal of virology. Jan 2009;83(1):329-335.

168. Pereyra F, Palmer S, Miura T, et al. Persistent low-level viremia in HIV-1 elite controllers and relationship to immunologic parameters. The Journal of infectious diseases. Sep 15 2009;200(6):984-990.

169. Autran B, Descours B, Avettand-Fenoel V, Rouzioux C. Elite controllers as a model of functional cure. Current opinion in HIV and AIDS. May 2011;6(3):181-187.

170. Hunt PW, Brenchley J, Sinclair E, et al. Relationship between T cell activation and CD4+ T cell count in HIV-seropositive individuals with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels in the absence of therapy. The Journal of infectious diseases. Jan 1 2008;197(1):126-133.

171. Hunt PW, Landay AL, Sinclair E, et al. A low T regulatory cell response may contribute to both viral control and generalized immune activation in HIV controllers. PloS one. 2011;6(1):e15924.

172. Krishnan S, Wilson EM, Sheikh V, et al. Evidence for innate immune system activation in HIV type 1-infected elite controllers. The Journal of infectious diseases. Mar 2014;209(6):931-939.

173. Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Schnell A, et al. Role of viral replication, antiretroviral therapy, and immunodeficiency in HIV-associated atherosclerosis. Aids. Jun 1 2009;23(9):1059-1067.

174. Pereyra F, Lo J, Triant VA, et al. Increased coronary atherosclerosis and immune activation in HIV-1 elite controllers. Aids. Nov 28 2012;26(18):2409-2412.

175. Lucero C, Torres B, Leon A, et al. Rate and predictors of non-AIDS events in a cohort of HIV-infected patients with a CD4 T cell count above 500 cells/mm(3). AIDS research and human retroviruses. Aug 2013;29(8):1161-1167.

176. Hatano H, Yukl SA, Ferre AL, et al. Prospective antiretroviral treatment of asymptomatic, HIV-1 infected controllers. PLoS pathogens. 2013;9(10):e1003691.

177. Sulkowski MS, Naggie S, Lalezari J, et al. Sofosbuvir and ribavirin for hepatitis C in patients with HIV coinfection. Jama. Jul 23-30 2014;312(4):353-361.

178. Sulkowski MS, Sherman KE, Dieterich DT, et al. Combination therapy with telaprevir for chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection in patients with HIV: a randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine. Jul 16 2013;159(2):86-96.

179. Sulkowski M, Pol S, Mallolas J, et al. Boceprevir versus placebo with pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 in patients with HIV: a randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 2 trial. The Lancet. Infectious diseases. Jul 2013;13(7):597-605.