Historical applications of firewater pumping systems
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Estimation of emissions of volatile organic vapors
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partitions, 91 passive systems, 10 PCVs (pressure control valves), 69 performance testing see testing periodic performance tests, 140–1 , 142 , 143 , 144 petro-chemical industry, 14–15 , 161 philosophy of protection, 9–12 Piper Alpha disaster (1988), 62 , 75–6 , 124 , 161 piping arrangements: codes, 77 drawings, 119–20 exhaust systems, 98–9 flow testing, 71–2 horizontal split case pumps, 59 , 60 metallurgy, 6 multiple pumps, 66 vertical split case pumps, 59 , 60 Piping and Instrumentation Drawings (P & IDs), 119–20 pitot tubes, 172 PIVs (post-indicator-valves), 69 planning, 36 , 155 plant in peril, 130 plate flow meters, 71 , 72 PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), 119 pond water supplies, 26 portable pumps, 53 positive displacement pumps, 43–4 , 49 post-indicator-valves (PIVs), 69 power transmission, 89–111 , 115 Index 181 ‘‘pre-fire’’ plans, 155 pressure: backpressure, 98 exhausts, 98 gages, 70–1 maximum working pressure, 171 negative pressure, 16 overpressure, 66–7 pump output, 59 range, 38 recorders, 71 reducing valves, 172 tanks, 29 pressure control valves (PCVs), 69 pressure safety valves (PSVs), 66–8 pressure switch activation, 118 private water mains/supplies, 29–30 process area / pumping system separation, 60–2 process emergency control measures, 9 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), 119 protection philosophy, 9–12 protective guards, 153 PSVs (pressure safety valves), 66–8 public water mains, 5–7 , 19 , 29–30 pump: definitions, 1 , 172 see also firewater pumps pump curve test points, 44–5 , 141 pump drivers see drivers pumping system / process area separation, 60–2 pump lift columns, 64 pump rooms, 63 pump suction screens, 35 purchase data, 163–4 purging mechanism, 136 Q quality control, 160 , 172 R rated pump capacity, 172 rated pump pressure, 172 rating, 135 , 172 raw seawater supplies, 30 , 124 readout displays, 119 recalibration: relief valves, 67–8 reciprocating pumps, 1–2 , 3 , 44 reciprocating steam engines, 4–5 refinery major incidents, 160 , 161 reinforced fiberglass pipes, 6–7 reliability, 125–30 relief valves (RV), 66–9 , 172 remote activation, 113 , 118 remote alarms, 116 reserve water supplies, 22–3 reservoirs, 26–8 residual pressure requirements, 16–17 retrofit improvements, 51–2 Reynolds, Osborne, 4 right angle gear drives, 101–5 riser corrosion, 85 risk areas, 10 , 14–15 , 20 , 172 risk assessment, 11 river water supplies, 26 Romans, 2 Romeoville refinery major incident, 161 roofs, 63 , 82 rotary gear pumps, 49 rotary pumps, 3–4 , 43–4 , 49 see also centrifugal pumps rotation of firewater pumps, 66 runoff reservoirs, 27 RV (relief valves), 66–9 , 172 S safety guards, 153 safety precautions, 137–8 salinity, 25 sand contamination, 65 , 86 Savery, Thomas, 4 Seadrift major incident, 160 seawater pumps, 83 seawater supplies, 25–6 , 30 , 32 , 124 security, 156 seismic activity, 65–6 semi-submersibles, 30 , 46 separation of firewater pumps, 60–2 sequence pump starting, 172 service factor, 172 service pumps, 31 shafts: centrifugal pumps, 171 182 Index construction materials, 86 diesel-driven line pumps, 8 failure prevention, 107 hollow, 171 rotation, 103 turbine pumps, 7 , 40 , 125 , 174 shallow water platforms, 7 , 8 ships, 29 see also boats shutdown, 116 , 123–4 , 134 shutdown panels, 116 shutdown valves, 134 shutoff pressure, 172 signage, 151–2 , 153 , 154 single point failures (SPF), 126 , 128 , 172 single stage arrangements, 42 single stage pumps, 172 site acceptance tests, 139–40 skid pump units, 50–1 sliding vane pumps, 44 sodium hypochlorite injection, 35 , 36 software modeling programs, 78–9 spacing distances, 60–1 spark arrestors, 134 specialized installations, 124 special locations, 63–6 specification sheets, 163–4 specific speed, 142 , 145 splash shields, 91 , 172 splash zones, 83 , 84 spray systems, 10 , 11 sprinkler systems, 59 , 81 stagnant water, 85 standards: API Standard 610, 53 company policies, 12 fire protection, 55–8 ISO 9000 series, 160 pump construction, 53 quality assurance, 160 standby pumps, 45–6 , 49 starting batteries, 96–7 starting systems: engines, 96 startup, 78 , 113 , 117–18 , 123 , 152–3 static pressure, 30 static water level, 173 steam-driven fire pumps, 3–4 steam turbines, 100–1 steel pipes, 6 storage tanks: water, 28–9 strainers, 74–5 stuffing box packing, 173 submerged pump intake openings, 75–6 submersible pumps, 7–8 , 91 , 107 , 129 , 173 Submittals and Approvals form, 156 , 157 suction pits, 173 suction pressure gages, 70 suction screens, 35 sunlight exposure, 65 supplemental checks, 149–50 supply see water supplies suppression requirements, 16 surface water supplies, 25 surge effects, 77–8 switches, 74 , 116 , 118 , 169 T tachometers, 99 , 145 tamper switches, 74 task lighting, 80–1 TDS (total dissolved solids), 33 test gage accuracy, 145 testing, 137–50 additional tests, 150 basic procedure, 148–9 controllers, 146–7 driver rpm correction factors, 150 driver speed, 142 , 145 factory acceptance tests, 138–9 foam pumps, 147–8 forms, 143–4 , 145–6 , 147 fuel storage/supply, 141–2 , 149–50 generic procedure, 148–9 hazards, 137–8 health and safety, 137–8 interface, 146–7 maintenance aspects, 150 periodic performance tests, 140–1 , 142 , 143 , 144 pump curve test points, 44–5 , 141 pump test requirements, 142 safety precautions, 137–8 site acceptance tests, 139–40 specific speed verification, 142 , 145 supplemental checks, 149–50 Index 183 test gage accuracy, 145 weekly tests, 145–6 , 147 test line drainage, 72 Texas, major incidents, 160 , 161 ‘‘tilted parting’’, horizontal split case pumps, 39 torsional vibration analysis (TVA), 79–80 , 173 total discharge head, 173 total dissolved solids (TDS), 33 total head, 173 total suction head, 173 total suction lift, 173 training, 156 transfer switches, 116 tropical locations, 65 true static pressure, 30 turbine pump classification, 42–3 TVA (torsional vibration analysis), 79–80 , 173 types of firewater pumps, 37–53 U UBC (Uniform Building Code), 13 UFC (Uniform Fire Code), 13 ‘‘Uncle Joe Ross’’ fire engine, 3 Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion (UVCE), 60 , 130 underground reservoirs, 26–7 underwater diving operations, 75–6 ‘‘Underwriters duplex’’, 5 Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc., 58 Uniform Building Code (UBC), 13 Uniform Fire Code (UFC), 13 United States: fire engines, 3–4 municipal waterworks, 6 , 7 steam engines, 4–5 up and downthrust, 173 utility services, 31–2 , 81 utility water systems, 31–2 UVCE see Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion V valves, 66–9 , 72–4 , 95 , 134 , 172 vapor cloud explosions, 60 , 130 vapor pressure, 173 variable speed pressure limiting control, 173 variances: public water mains, 29 velocity head, 174 velocity inline pumps, 174 ventilation, 81 , 99 vertical inline pumps, 39 vertical shaft rotation, 103 vertical shaft turbine pumps, 7 , 40 , 125 , 174 vertical split case pumps, 59 , 60 vertical turbine pump discharge head, 101 , 102 vibration analysis (TVA), 79–80 , 173 viscosity, 174 volute pump classification, 42–3 vortex plates, 76 , 174 vortices, 76 W warning signs, 153 , 154 water hammer effects, 77–8 , 174 water mist pumps, 47 water pumping plants/mains, 5–7 , 19 , 29–30 water quality, 32–3 water spray/sprinkler systems, 10 , 11 , 16 , 59 , 81 water supplies: aquatic growth control, 34–6 chemical enhancements, 33–4 contamination, 26–7 , 31 , 32–3 corrosion, 26–7 , 32–3 development, 36 duration, 19–23 emergency supplies, 32 firewater/utility systems, 31–2 marine growth control, 34–6 non-fire fighting usage, 31–2 plans, 36 primary supplies, 19–22 public mains/plants, 5–7 , 19 , 29–30 quality of water, 32–3 reserve supplies, 22–3 services usage, 31 sources, 25–36 storage tanks, 28–9 usage by other services, 31–2 utility systems, 31–2 184 Index water quality, 32–3 water tanks, 28–9 WCCE (Worst Case Creditable Event), 20 weekly tests, 145–6 , 147 well water supplies, 26–7 wetting agents, 33–4 wind direction, 61 wooden logs/pipes, 5 , 6 workboats, 64 Worst Case Creditable Event (WCCE), 20 Z zebra mussels, 34 Index 185 Document Outline
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