Hiv testing and counselling for women attending child health clinics: An opportunity for entry to prevent mother-to-child transmission and hiv treatment. Author
Download 4.05 Mb.
|
Document Number: 327151 Early effects of antiretroviral therapy on work performance: Preliminary results from a cohort study of Kenyan agricultural workers. Author: Larson BA; Fox MP; Rosen S; Bii M; Sigei C Source: AIDS, 2008 Jan 30;22(3):421-425. Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on days harvesting tea per month for tea-estate workers in Kenya. Such information is needed to assess the potential economic benefits of providing treatment to working adults. Data for this analysis come from company payroll records for 59 HIV-infected workers and a comparison group of all workers assigned to the same work teams (reference group, n = 1992) for a period covering 2 years before and 1 year after initiating ART. Mean difference tests were used to obtain overall trends in days harvesting tea by month. A difference in difference approach was used to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on days working in the pre-ART period. Information on likely trends in the absence of the therapy was used to estimate the positive impacts on days harvesting tea over the initial 12 months on ART. No significant difference existed in days plucking tea each month until the ninth month before initiating ART, when workers worked -2.79 fewer days than references (15% less). This difference grew to 5.09 fewer days (27% less) in the final month before initiating ART. After 12 months on ART, we conservatively estimate that workers worked at least twice as many days in the month than they would have in the absence of ART. Treatment had a large, positive impact on the ability of workers to undertake their primary work activity, harvesting tea, in the first year on ART. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | TREATMENT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | LABOR FORCE | HUMAN RESOURCES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | HIV | MANAGEMENT | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | MEDICAL PROCEDURES | MEDICINE | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH | EVALUATION INDEXES | QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION | EVALUATION Document Number: 308615 HIV-1 persists in breast milk cells despite antiretroviral treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Author: Lehman DA; Chung MH; John-Stewart GC; Richardson BA; Kiarie J Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22(12):1475-1485. Abstract: The effects of short-course antiretrovirals given to reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) on temporal patterns of cell-associated HIV-1 RNA and DNA in breast milk are not well defined. Women in Kenya received short-course zidovudine (ZDV), single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP), combination ZDV/sdNVP or short-course highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Breast milk samples were collected two to three times weekly for 4-6 weeks. HIV-1 DNA was quantified by real-time PCR. Cell-free and cellassociated RNA levels were quantified by the Gen-Probe HIV-1 viral load assay. Cell-free HIV-1 RNA levels in breast milk were significantly suppressed by sdNVP, ZDV/sdNVP or HAART therapy compared with ZDV between day 3 and week 4 postpartum (P < or = 0.03). Breast milk HIV-1 DNA levels (infected cell levels) were not significantly different between treatment arms at any timepoint during the 4-6-week follow-up. At 3 weeks postpartum, when the difference in cell-free RNA levels was the greatest comparing HAART directly with ZDV (P=0.0001), median log10 HIV-1 DNA copies per 1_106 cells were 2.78, 2.54, 2.69, and 2.31 in the ZDV, sdNVP, ZDV/sdNVP and HAART arms, respectively (P=0.23). Cell-associated HIV-1 RNA levels were modestly suppressed in HAART versus ZDV/sdNVP during week 3 (3.37 versus 4.02, P=0.04), as well as over time according to a linear mixed-effects model. Cell-free and, to a lesser extent, cell-associated HIV-1 RNA levels in breast milk were suppressed by antiretroviral regimens used to prevent MTCT. However, even with HAART, there was no significant reduction in the reservoir of infected cells, which could contribute to breast milk HIV-1 transmission. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BREASTFEEDING | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | PARENTS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | INFANT NUTRITION | NUTRITION | HEALTH | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HIV Document Number: 327563 Economic status, informal exchange, and sexual risk in Kisumu, Kenya. Author: Luke N Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2008 Jan;56(2):375-396. Abstract: Despite the escalating attention focused on the role of informal exchange in fueling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa, there has been no empirical investigation of the connection between economic status, transfers, and sexual risk behavior. One potential reason for the paucity of studies examining these important linkages is the lack of quality data on economic status in African populations and transfers within sexual partnerships. I overcome this shortcoming by using survey data I collected in urban Kisumu that contain information on the economic status of working-age men and sexual risk behavior in their nonmarital partnerships. Mine is also one of the only existing surveys to collect detailed data on men's involvement in informal exchange relationships and the value of transfers given to their partners. In this article, I investigate various mechanisms through which economic status is associated with sexual risk behavior, as measured by the nonuse of condoms within sexual partnerships, to shed light on the role that wealthy men play in spreading infection in a high HIV/AIDS environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MEN | INCOME | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | HIV TRANSMISSION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SUGAR DADDIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | BEHAVIOR | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES Document Number: 314018 A prospective study of risk factors for bacterial vaginosis in HIV-1-seronegative African women. Author: McClelland RS; Richardson BA; Graham SM; Masese LN; Gitau R Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Jun;35(6):617-623. Abstract: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is common and has been associated with increased HIV-1 susceptibility. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for BV in African women at high risk for acquiring HIV-1. We conducted a prospective study among 151 HIV-1-seronegative Kenyan female sex workers. Nonpregnant women were eligible if they did not have symptoms of abnormal vaginal itching or discharge at the time of enrollment. At monthly follow-up, a vaginal examination and laboratory testing for genital tract infections were performed. Multivariate Andersen-Gill proportional hazards analysis was used to identify correlates of BV. Participants completed a median of 378 (interquartile range 350-412) days of follow-up. Compared with women reporting no vaginal washing, those who reported vaginal washing 1 to 14 [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88-1.89], 15 to 28 (aHR 1.60, 95% CI 0.98 -2.61), and greater than 28 times/wk (aHR 2.39, 95% CI 1.35-4.23) were at increased risk of BV. Higher BV incidence was also associated with the use of cloth for intravaginal cleansing (aHR 1.48, 95% CI 1.06 -2.08) and with recent unprotected intercourse (aHR 1.75, 95% CI 1.47-2.08). Women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception were at lower risk for BV (aHR 0.59, 95% CI 0.48-0.73). Vaginal washing and unprotected intercourse were associated with increased risk of BV. These findings could help to inform the development of novel vaginal health approaches for HIV-1 risk reduction in women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | SEX WORKERS | VAGINOSIS | RISK FACTORS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HYGIENE | DEPO-PROVERA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA | STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | BEHAVIOR | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | DISEASES | BIOLOGY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | MEDICAL PROCEDURES | MEDICINE | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH | PUBLIC HEALTH | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING Document Number: 327423 An outcome assessment of an ABC-based HIV peer education intervention among Kenyan university students. Author: Miller AN; Mutungi M; Facchini E; Barasa B; Ondieki W Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2008 Jun;13(4):345-356. Abstract: This study reports an outcome assessment on an HIV peer education intervention at the main campus of Kenyatta University in Nairobi, Kenya. A quasiexperimental separate sample pretest-posttest design was used. Campus-wide baseline and endline surveys were conducted with 632 and 746 students, respectively, soliciting information on HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. After 2 years of on-campus intervention, no changes in behavior were evident with respect to either abstinence or number of sexual partners. Small but statistically significant changes were found in condom attitudes and behavior, and a large increase in HIV testing was evident. It is recommended that future research more specifically compare abstinence versus multiple option peer education programs, giving special attention to the role of peer educators as models. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | PRE-POST TESTS | STUDENTS | HIV PREVENTION | PEER EDUCATORS | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | HIV TESTING | CONDOM USE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | ABSTINENCE | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA | PROGRAMS | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | EDUCATION | HIV INFECTIONS | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | MEDICAL PROCEDURES | MEDICINE | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR | FAMILY PLANNING, BEHAVIORAL METHODS | FAMILY PLANNING | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR Document Number: 327076 AIDS and kitchen gardens: insights from a village in western Kenya. Author: Murphy LL Source: Population and Environment. 2008 May;29(3-5):133-161. Abstract: In rural Africa, indigenous farming and natural resource management systems exemplified by kitchen gardens are being reshaped by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its negative impacts (illness, stigma and mortality, and economic costs) and positive opportunities (organizational responses to the epidemic). Subtle changes in crops and farm techniques can be traced to these diverse influences of HIV+ infection, illness, mortality, widowhood, foster child care, and AIDS support groups, as well as the organizations, ideas, and flow of funding from outside. These findings draw on original field data: a village census, in-depth interviews with gardeners, and group discussions in a village in Bungoma District (in 2005 and 2007). This part of western Kenya is a typical small-farm zone that has faced a moderate HIV/AIDS epidemic since the 1990s, following decades of demographic, environmental, technological, and institutional changes. Implications of this case study for further research on HIV/AIDS and on micro-level population-environment change suggest that households are useful but imperfect analytical units and are best seen as part of complex social networks, shaping connections to markets. These important "mediating institutions" link AIDS as a demographic and economic force with environmental outcomes in cultivated landscapes. (Author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LIVELIHOOD | HOUSEHOLDS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DATA COLLECTION | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | RESOURCES | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES Document Number: 327913 Sexual risk behaviour and HAART: A comparative study of HIV-infected persons on HAART and on preventive therapy in Kenya. Author: Sarna A; Luchters SM; Geibel S; Kaai S; Munyao P Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008 Feb;19(2):85-89. Abstract: Unprotected sex (UPS) among persons receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) remains a concern because of the risk of HIV-transmission. A cross-sectional study comparing the sexual risk behaviour of 179 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) receiving HAART with that of 143 PLHA receiving preventive therapy (PT) with cotrimoxazole/isoniazid was conducted in Mombasa, Kenya. Forty-five percent of all participants were sexually active in the last six months. Participants receiving PT were more likely to report greater than or equal to 2 partners (13% vs. 1%; P = 0.006). Participants receiving PT reported more UPS with regular partners (odds ratio [OR]: 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-8.4) and also more sexually transmitted infections (STI) symptoms (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.0-2.8; P = 0.059). More than 40% of all participants did not know the HIV-status of regular partners. Therefore, HAART was not associated with increased sexual risk behaviours though considerable risk of HIV-transmission remains. HIV-care services need to emphasize partner testing and consistent condom use with all partners. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HIV POSITIVE PERSONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | HIV PREVENTION | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA | STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | INFECTIONS | HIV | MEDICAL PROCEDURES | MEDICINE | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH Document Number: 325330 Sexual identity and risk of HIV / STI among men who have sex with men in Nairobi. Author: Sharma A; Bukusi E; Gorbach P; Cohen CR; Muga C Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Apr;35(4):352-354. Abstract: Although there is great regional variation, a significant proportion of those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/ AIDS) globally are men who have sex with men (MSM) due to the high efficiency of transmission via anal intercourse. This relatively small number of individuals may be disproportionately at risk of HIV transmission vis-a-vis the wider population, particularly in countries where social or legal retribution accompanies public disclosure. Recent short-term estimates suggest that of the approximately 82,300 new HIV infections in Kenya in 2005, 4.5% were in MSM. The incidence among these men may be even higher, as the models assumed that only 1% of the male population had sex with men and did not account for male sex workers in this population. The success of HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STI) education, prevention and treatment programs for MSM will depend on understanding the diversity of identities, roles, and situations in this subpopulation. By the late 1990s, a growing body of scientific literature revealed that some men in Africa had sexual intercourse with men, that some of these men also had sex with women and that these men were at significant risk for HIV/ STI. In Kenya, researchers lamented the lack of data on MSM and suggested that in the absence of social sanction or legal rights, MSM in Kenya would deny having male sexual partners, engage in clandestine sex, and take social cover in marriage. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | URBAN POPULATION | SEXUALITY | ANAL SEX | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA | STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | SURVEYS | BEHAVIOR | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION | PERSONALITY | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH Directory: sites -> default -> files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations files -> Nstructions for Acquiring Excess Equipment online, through the 1033 Program files -> Occupational health and safety files -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten Point Program files -> International programs roel profile files -> Fermi Questions a guide for Teachers, Students, and Event Supervisors Lloyd Abrams, Ph. D. DuPont Company, cr&D/ccas experimental Station Wilmington, de 19880 files -> Personal Information Name: Maha Al-Ammari Nationality: Saudi Relationship Status Download 4.05 Mb. Share with your friends:
|